Chapter 7

Question 1

depressive disorders

Answer 1

a set of disorders characterized by depressed mood and/or anhedonia

Question 2

dysphoria

Answer 2

an intense feeling of unease, discontent or sadness

Question 3

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 3

Disorder involving a sad mood or anhedonia plus 4+ of the symptoms:
weight loss/decrease appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, fatigue, worthlessness/hopelessness, guilt, trouble concentrating, suicidal ideations for 2+ weeks

Question 4

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Answer 4

Identified by a 2yr period when a person experiences depression during winter months then recovers during summer

Question 5

peripartum onset

Answer 5

used when depressive/manic episode occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks after childbirth

Question 6

emotional liability

Answer 6

unstable and quickly shifting moods

Question 7

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Answer 7

Depression but consecutively for 2 years everyday more days than not

Question 8

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Answer 8

characterized by a mixture of depression, anxiety, and tension, irritability. mood swings may occur the week before onset of meses

Question 9

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 9

in children- characterized by immature and inappropriate temper outbursts.

Question 10

Black Box warning

Answer 10

FDA’s most stringent warning for drugs and medical devices on the market which notify the public and health care providers to serious side effects

Question 11

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 11

marked by cycles between manic episodes and depressive episodes

Question 12

Mania

Answer 12

emotional disturbance that involves alteration of manic and depressive episodes

Question 13

bipolar 1

Answer 13

moods alternate between depressive and manic states

Question 14

bipolar 2

Answer 14

experiences hypomania

Question 15

hypomania

Answer 15

milder symptoms of mania but are not severe enough to interfere with daily functioning

Question 16

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 16

a chronic form of bipolar disorder characterizes by less extreme mood states

Question 17

rapid cycling bipolar disorder

Answer 17

experiencing 4 or more cycles of mania and depression within 1 year

Question 18

monoamines

Answer 18

neurotransmitters:
catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) and serotonin that have been implicated in the mood disorders

Question 19

norepinephrine

Answer 19

regulation of mood

Question 20

serotonin

Answer 20

regulation of mood and impulsive responses

Question 21

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Answer 21

key components of the neuroendocrine system that work together in a feedback system interconnected with the limbic system and the cerebral cortex

Question 22

neuroinflammation

Answer 22

an inflammatory response within the brain or spinal cord that occurs in response to disease, injury, infection, or stress

Question 23

behavioral theories of depression

Answer 23

theories that view depression as resulting form negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement

Question 24

Learned Helplessness Theory

Answer 24

suggests that the type of stressful event most likely lead to depression is an uncontrollable negative event

Question 25

negative cognitive triad

Answer 25

negative views of the world, self and future

Question 26

reformulated learned helplessness theory

Answer 26

explains how cognitive factors might influence whether a person becomes helpless and depressed following a negative event

Question 27

rumification

Answer 27

focusing on ones personal concerns and feelings of distress repetitively and passively

Question 28

rejection sensitivity

Answer 28

tendency to be hypervigilant and overreactive to signs of rejection from others

Question 29

cohort effect

Answer 29

exists when people's difference on some psychological variable depends not on their age but on the era when they were born and lived

Question 30

dopamine

Answer 30

neurotransmitter in the brain

Question 31

Lithium

Answer 31

best to treat mania and depression

Question 32

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 32

creates small seizures in the brain

Question 33

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 33

noninvasive and exposes the patient to high-intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures

Question 34

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Answer 34

invasive brain stimulation method there electrodes are surgically implanted at the vagus nerve (carries information to several areas in the brain)

Question 35

deep brain stimulation

Answer 35

electrodes are surgically implanted into specific areas of the brain

Question 36

light therapy

Answer 36

specific light that replicates sunlight and treats Seasonal affective depression

Question 37

behavioral therapy

Answer 37

focuses on increasing positive reinforcers and decreasing aversive experiences in an individual's life by helping the depressed person change their patterns of interaction with the environment and people

Question 38

interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

Answer 38

IPT but designed for people with bipolar

Question 39

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

Answer 39

helps fix conflicts with personal relationships

Question 40

family focused therapy

Answer 40

designed to help the families of someone with bipolar to adjust and how to best communicate

Question 41

suicide

Answer 41

the act of harming oneself with the outcome of death

Question 42

suicide cluster

Answer 42

two or more suicides/attempts occur together

Question 43

impulsivity

Answer 43

difficulty controlling behaviors. acting without thinking first

Question 44

hopelessness

Answer 44

sense that the future is bleak and there is no way to make it more positive