Chapter 20-Blood

Question 1

Introduction to blood

Answer 1

• ~5L of blood in body
• blood is connective tissue
• -cells=formed elements
• -matrix=plasma

Question 2

basic functions of blood

Answer 2

• transport materials
• -nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes
• -specialized cells that defend tissues
• help maintain stable cellular environment

Question 3

blood plasma

Answer 3

-55% of blood volume
functions:
-transport nutrients, gases and vitamins
-regulate fluid and electrolytes
-maintain pH

Question 4

composition of blood plasma

Answer 4

• water: 92
• proteins: 7
• solutes: 1

Question 5

blood plasma differs from interstitial fluid

Answer 5

• greater O2 concentration
• reduced CO2 concentration
• significantly more dissolved proteins

Question 6

solutes

Answer 6

waste:
-urea
-ammonia
electrolytes
-Na+,K+, Mg+ etc
organic nutrients:
-lipids
-glucose
-amino acids

Question 7

plasma proteins

Answer 7

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

Question 8

albumin

Answer 8

• 60%
• smallest
• maintains osmotic pressure of blood
• controls blood volume
• transports fatty materials in blood
• globulins

Question 9

globulins

Answer 9

• 35%
• immunoglobulins: antibodies
• transport globulins:
• -transport compounds by binding to them
• -prevent filtering by kidneys

Question 10

fibrinogen

Answer 10

4%

• blood clotting
• without these, plasma is known as serum

Question 11

erythrocytes

Answer 11

red blood cells
40% of blood
-value known as hematocrit
-99.9% of all formed elements

Question 12

erythrocyte structure

Answer 12

biconcave discs
-thin central region
-thick outer region
-large surface area/volume ratio
-anucleate: most organelles absent (no nucleus)
allows passage through capillaries
-forms rouleaux
-flexible

Question 13

hemoglobin

Answer 13

• 280 million molecules/cell
• 95% of RBC proteins
• structure:
• 4 polypeptide subunits
• one heme group per polypeptide
• one iron per heme group
• 1 molecule O2 per iron

Question 14

function of hemoglobin

Answer 14

• each Fe carries one O2
• -oxyhemoglobin is bright red
• the reaction is easily reversed
• -deoxyhemogolbin is deep red/maroon color
• CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin
• -carbaminohemoglobin only accounts for 23% of blood CO2

Question 15

leukocytes

Answer 15

white blood cells
function:
-defend against pathogens
-remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
-do not function in circulatory system

Question 16

how do leukocytes move

Answer 16

move into tissues from blood vessels

• diapedesis
• -squeezing out of the BV’s
• -going to different tissues

Question 17

2 types of leukocytes

Answer 17

ganuloctyes

agranulocytes

Question 18

granulocytes

Answer 18

-granular indusions in cytoplasm

Question 19

agranulocytes

Answer 19

no visible granules

Question 20

neutrophils

Answer 20

• granulocytes
• 60% of white blood cells
• lobed nucleus
• very mobile
• functions:
• -1st defense against microorganisms
• -phagocytic
• -attract more neutrophils

Question 21

eosinophils

Answer 21

• granulocytes
• bi-lobed nucleus
• red granules
• functions
• -attracted to injuries
• -phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies
• -increase during allergic reactions

Question 22

basophils

Answer 22

• granulocytes
• 1% of WBCs
• s shaped nucleus
• blue granules
• functions
• -release histamine: inflammatory response, attracts other WBCs
• -release anticoagulants

Question 23

monocytes

Answer 23

• agranulocytes
• 2-8% of WBCs
• largest cells in blood
• functions:
• -phagocytize foreign material
• -fuse to form osteroclasts
• –form free and fixed macrophages
• –recruit more monocytes
• -attract fibroblasts

Question 24

lymphocytes

Answer 24

agranulocytes

• 20-305 of WBCs
• mature in lymph organs
• smalles
• non-phagocytic
• functions:
• specific immunity
• -focus on a single pathogen
• -produce antibodies
• -destroy abnormal tissue

Question 25

3 types of lymophocytes

Answer 25

- t cells - b cells - NK cells

Question 26

t cells

Answer 26

attack foreign cels directly

Question 27

b cells

Answer 27

differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies

Question 28

NK cells

Answer 28

- immune surveillance - destruction of abnormal cells - -ex= cancer cells

Question 29

thrombocytes

Answer 29

- platelet - small, anucleate cell fragments - from megakaryocytes - produce proteins for blood clotting - last for about 10-12 days

Question 30

blood clotting

Answer 30

``` hemostasis --stopping flow of blood formation of clot involves --transport of important clotting agents --formation of a temporary patch --clot contraction ```

Question 31

hemopoeisis

Answer 31

- all blood cells are derived from a pluripotent stemm cell - -all cells except lymphocytes are derived from the resulting myeloid tissue - in adults, all new blood cells are produced in the bone marrow - -liver and spleen contribute while in utero, but eventually cease

Question 32

erythropoiesis

Answer 32

- formation of RBCs - RBCs have no nucleus of mitochondria - wear and tear with no repair - RBCs last for about 120 days - replace about 1% per day - 3 million RBCs replaced per second

Question 33

leukopoiesis

Answer 33

- formation of WBCs - granulocytes complete their development in the red marrow - -neutrophils last for 12 hours, dyeing after they engulf an object - monocytes do no complete development until they exit the circulatory system - lymphocytes - -immature cells can stay in bone marrow or move to thymus - move to the spleen, tonsils, or lymph nodes where they mature - can last for several years

Question 34

blood type

Answer 34

RBC plasmalemma (cell membrane) has surface antigens - these are usually glycoproteins or glycolipids - are genetically determined (similar within ethnicities) - A, B, and Rh are used to determine blood types

Question 35

types of blood

Answer 35

A, B, AB, O - people may have a antigens, b antigens, both (ab) and neither (o) - you will produce antibody for all the antigens you dont have - if foreign antigens are introduced into your bloodstream, you will produce antibodies to destroy them

Question 36

Ab patient

Answer 36

can receive any blood, produces neither antibody

Question 37

a patient

Answer 37

can receive blood from a and o, but produces B antibodies

Question 38

b patients

Answer 38

can receive blood from b and o, but produces a antibodies

Question 39

o patient

Answer 39

can receive blood from o only. produces a and b antibodies

Question 40

Rh group

Answer 40

``` named after Rhesus macaque -if you have rh antigen --you are Rh+ -if you have no antigen --you are Rh- sometimes referred to as the D antigen ```

Question 41

Rh group

Answer 41

Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh antigen - -usually occurs from: - receive Rh+ transfusion - pregnant with Rh+ baby - -an Rh- mother may reject a second Rh+ baby