Anatomy > Chapter 4- Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

2 components of the integumentary system

A
  1. cutaneous membrane

2. accessory structures

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2
Q

Cutaneous membrane divided into..

A

epidermis

dermis

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3
Q

Ex. of accessory structures

A
  • hair
  • nails
  • glands
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4
Q

Functions of Integumentary system

A
  • protects deeper tissues from damage (mechanical, chemical, bacterial, desiccation, etc)
  • aids in heat regulation
  • airds in excretion of urea and uric acid
  • synthesizes Vitamin D
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5
Q

Epidermis Characteristics

A
  • stratified squamous epitherlium
  • lacks blood vessels but can divide
  • as new cells divide, push older ones to surface
  • outer most layers are dead
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6
Q

Epidermal cell types

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhan cells
merkel cells

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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • epidermal
  • 90% of cells
  • produce keratin
  • provide protection
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8
Q

melanocytes

A

~8% of cells

  • produces melanin pigments which protect against UV radiation
  • melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes
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9
Q

langerhan cells

A
  • from bone marrow

- part of immune response

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10
Q

merkel cells

A
  • in deepest layer

- form touch receptor with sensory neuron

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11
Q

What cells are produced at the basal lamina

A

keratinocytes by stem cells

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12
Q

what happens after keratinocytes are made

A

they are pushed towards surface

  • fill with keratin and oils
  • slowly die
  • 4 week journey
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13
Q

layers of epidermis

A
  1. stratum germinativum
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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14
Q

Stratum germinativum

A
  • deepest single layer of cells

- combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes and stem cells

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15
Q

How do stratum germinativum attach to basal lamina

A

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • 8-10 cell layers held together by desmosomes
  • melanin taken in by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes
  • during slide prep, cells shrink and look spiny
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17
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells

-show nuclear degeneration

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18
Q

what does stratum granulosum contain that are important for dessication?

A

contains dark staining keratohyalin granules

-release lipid that repels water

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19
Q

stratun lucidum

A
  • seen in thick skin on soles and palms of feet only

- three to 5 layers of clear flat dead cells

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20
Q

stratum corneum

A

25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids

  • continuously shed
  • barrier to heat, light, water, chemicals and bacteria
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21
Q

what layer do callus’s form on and what causes them?

A

stratum corneum

-friction

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22
Q

Thick skin

A
  • palmer and planter surface
  • about 30 layers of S. corneum
  • all 5 layers
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23
Q

thin skin

A

rest of body surfaces

  • fewer layers of S. Corneum
  • no S. lucidum
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24
Q

epidermal ridges

A
  • stratum germinativum forms ridges that extend into the dermis
  • increases area of contact for better grip
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25
where is melanin produced
epidermis by melanoctes
26
melanin
same number of melanocytes in everyone but varying amounts of pigment - melanin production is in response to melanin stimulation hormone - UV in sunlight increases melanin production
27
what gets converted to melanin
melanocytes convert tyrosine
28
different types of melanin
- eumelanin-brown or black melanin | - pheomelanin-red brown version
29
What are freckles or liver spots
melanocytes in a patch
30
mole
benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes (nevus)
31
albinism
inherited lack of tyrosinase; no pigment
32
2 other skin pigments
- carotene | - hemoglobin
33
carotene
- dermis - yellow-orange pigment (precursor of vit A) - found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous
34
Hemoglobin
- red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells | - no other pigments present, epidermis is translucent so pinkness evident
35
how many layers in dermis
2 layers - papillary layer - reticular layer
36
papillary layer
areolar CT - capillaries and neurons - dermal papillae
37
reticular layer
- anchoring layer - large vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle - dense irregular CT - ->collagen; strength - ->elastic: strength, flexibility
38
2 things that supply blood to the skin
- cutaneous plexus | - papillary plexus
39
cutaneous plexus
- network of arteries and veins supplying skin | - in subcutaneous layer
40
papillary plexus
- follows epidermal/dermal boundary | - helps nourish epidermal layer
41
stretch marks
- weight gain causes fibers to stretch (break) | - form due to decrease in fiber elasticity and tear
42
Hypodermis
- superficial fascia/subcutaneous layer - made of areolar and adipose CT - collagen and elastic fibers - no distinct boudary in dermis - adipose=insulator - stabilizes skin
43
accessory structures: hair
- on most surfaces except plantar/palmer, parts of digits, lips, eyelids - hair number fixed at birth
44
3 types of hair
1. vellus-peach fuzz 2. terminal-thicker with darker pigment 3. intermediate-arms
45
Hair consists externally of..
- shaft (above skin) - root(deep into dermis) - bulb(base of follicle)
46
hair consists internally of..
- cuticle (outermost portion) - cortex (middle portion) - medulla (innermost portion)
47
Functions of Hair
- protection - reduction of heat loss (eh) - sensing light touch (YES)
48
Root hair plexus
- sensory nerves surrounding follicle - detect light touch - detect hair movement
49
Arrector Pili
- smooth muscle - moves hair - causes goose bumps
50
3 stages of hair growth
1. anagen stage 2. catagen stage 3. telogen stage
51
anagen stage
- lasts from 2 to 6 years depending on body part | - matrix cells at base of hair root producing length
52
catagen stage
- lasts up to 2 weeks | - matrix cells inactive & follicle atrophies
53
telogen stage
- hair follicle remains dormant | - hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews
54
hair color is result of..
melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb
55
2 types of hair color melanin
eumelanin-brown/black (large amounts, blonde is little) | -pheomelanin-red hair
56
4 exocrine glands of skin
- sebaceous (oil) - sudoriferous (sweat) - ceruminous (wax) - mammary (milk)
57
oil gland
sebaceous
58
sweat gland
sudoriferous
59
wax gland
ceruminous
60
milk gland
mammary
61
sebaceous gland
- secretes sebum by holocrine secretion | - sebum decreases evap and decreases bacterial growth
62
2 types of sebaceous gland
- with hair: sebum into follicle | - w/o hair: sebum into epidermis
63
sudoriferous glands
- coiled tubular gland - sweat released by merocrine secretion - neural control
64
2 types of sedoriferous gland
- apocrine | - eccrine
65
Eccrine sweat gland
- greatest on palm - not associated with hair follicle - sensible persperation (water, NaCl, urea) - cooling, excretion, protection
66
Apocrine sweat glands
- not actually apocrine - assoc. w/hair follicles - located in axillae/groin - viscous secretion from puberty - reduce friction, cooling, secrete phermones
67
modified apocrine sweat glands
- mammary-milk | - ceruminous-external ear (secretion mixes with sebum=ear wax)
68
Nail structure
- nail body - nail bed - nail root - lunula
69
nail body
keratinized, plate-like structure
70
nail bed
-surface of skin that covers nail body
71
nail root
source of nail production
72
lunula
whitish, half moon region at base of nail plate
73
what are burns
tissue damage & cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals
74
associated dangers of Burns
- dehydration - electrolyte imbalance - circulatory shock
75
first degree burn
skin red and swollen, only damaged epidermis
76
second degree burn
skin red with blisters; epidermis and upper dermis damaged
77
third degree burn
gray-white or black; destroys entire layer
78
critical burns
- 25% of body has 2nd degree | - 10% of body has 3rd
79
effects of aging
- less hair - reduced blood supply - dermis thins - drying of epidermis - fewer melanocytes
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