Anatomy > Chapter 8- Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Articulations Flashcards

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0
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

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1
Q

articulations

A

joints

  • hold bones together but may permit movement
  • point of contact between 2 bones, between cartilage and bone and between teeth and bones
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2
Q

kinesiology

A

study of motion

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3
Q

classification of joints based on movement

A
  • synathrosis=immovable
  • amphiarthrosis=slightly
  • diarthrosis=freely
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4
Q

class. based on anatomy

A

-fibrous=collagen fibers
-cartilaginous=cartilage
-synovial=joint capsule and accessory ligaments
whats in between the joints

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5
Q

fibrous joints

A

-lack synovial cavity
-bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
-little or no movement
Types of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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6
Q

sutures

A

thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of skull

  • immovable
  • if fused completely in adults=syntosis
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7
Q

syndesmosis

A
  • fibrous joint
  • bones united by ligament
  • slightly movable
  • anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane as EX.
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8
Q

gomphosis

A
  • ligament hold cone-shaped peg in bony socket
  • immovable
  • teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible
  • something else shoved into bone with ligament as protection
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9
Q

cartilage joints

A
  • lacks synovial cavity
  • allows little-no movement
  • bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • 2 types
  • -synchondroses
  • sympheses
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10
Q

synchondrosis

A
  • connecting material is hyaline cartilage
  • immovable
  • epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum
  • when fusion occurs it becomes synostosis
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11
Q

symphysis

A
  • fibrocartilage is connecting material
  • slightly movable
  • intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
  • built to cushion
  • resist compression+tension
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12
Q

synovial jint: features

A
  • 2 bones separated by fluid filled cavity
  • joint capsule has 2 layers
  • -synovial membrane
  • -articular cartilage
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13
Q

synovial fluid components and functions

A 
no blood vessels
components
-blood filtrate
-hyalurnic acid
-glycoproteins
synovial fluid functions
-lubricate joint surface
-nourish chondrocytes
-shock absorber
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14
Q

synovial joint:accessory structures: ligaments

A

ligaments

  • reinforce and strengthen joint capsule
  • connect bone to bone with dense regular connective tissuel
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15
Q

ligament types

A

extracapsular ligaments
-outside joint capsule (collaterals) ex=tcl
intracapsular ligaments
-wth capsule (cruciates) ex=acl

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16
Q

synovial joint: accessory structure:articular discs

A
  • pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity
  • also known as menisci
  • ex. ulnolunate joint; knee joint
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17
Q

articular disc funtions

A

channel flow of synovial fluid

  • modify articular surfaces
  • restrict movements at joint
  • cushion articulating surfaces
  • help distribute body weight
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18
Q

synovial joint: accessory structures: fat pads

A

-adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule

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19
Q

fat pad functions

A

protect articular cartilage

  • packing material
  • fills spaces when joint changes shape
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20
Q

synovial joint: accessory structures: bursae function, location, what is it

A
  • small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue
  • location: hypodermis; between tendons/ligaments and bones
  • function: cushion and support; aid movement of tendons
  • connective tissue bag with synovial like fluid inside, reduce friction, aids movement
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21
Q

types of movement: gliding

A
  • two opposing surfaces slide past one another

- same angle/orientatio the whole time

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22
Q

circumduction movement

A
  • type of angular motion
  • rotation of the shaft while changing the angle
  • ex: humerus+scapula
  • circle
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23
Q

angular motion

A
  • a change in angle between the shaft and articular surface

- no movement, just angle changing

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24
rotation
spinning of the shaft without changing the angle | -ex: atlas and axis
26
types of angular movement
- abduction-away from midline - adduction-towards midline - flexion-foward movement from lateral view, reduce angle between two bones - extension-decrease angle between two bones - hyperextension-past angle of movement, injury based sometimes
27
types of rotation
- supination (anatomical position of hands, palm up) | - pronation= flipping hand palm down
28
Special Movements
- Eversion (ankle ouwards) - Inversion (ankle inwards) - dorsiflexion (ankle up/flexed) - plantar flexion (ankle down/extended) - lateral flexion (ear to shoulder) - protraction (chin thrust forward) - Retraction (chin thrust back) - opposition (thumb to pinky) - elevation (jaw closed) - depression (jaw opening)
29
synovial joints
-trade off between flexibility and stability due to: -shape of articular surfaces -tightness of ligaments -presence of accessory ligaments -other factors: other bones, muscles, fat pads
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types of synovial joints
- plane - hinge - pivot - condlar - saddle - ball-and-socket
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plane joint
- bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved - side to side movement only - rotation prevented by ligaments - ex:sternoclavicular joint
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hinge joint
- convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2nd bone - uniaxial like a door hinge - -knee, elbow, ankle
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movements produced by hinge joint
- flexion (decrease joint angle) - extension (increasing the angle) - hyperextension (opening joint beyond anatomical position
34
pivot joint
rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by second bone and ligament - ex= proximal radioulnar joint (supination/pronation) - atlanto-axial joint (turning head "no")
35
condylar joint
- oval shaped projection fits into oval depression - biaxial=flex/extend or abduct/aduct is possible - ex=wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (2-5)
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saddle joint
- one bone saddle shaped, other bone fits as a person would in saddle - biaxial - circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in circle - opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of fingers - ex=trapezius of carpus and metacarpal of thumb
37
ball-and-socket joint
-ball fitting into a cuplike depression -multiaxial ex= shoulder joint -hip joint
38
types of motion for ball and socket
- flexion/ extension - abduction/adduction - rotation
39
temporomandibular joint
TMJ - hinge joint - between condylar process of mandle and madibular fossa - condyles slide back and forth along joint socket - 2 synovial joints
40
intervertebral articulations: facets of articulation (where)
- vertebrae articulate at superior and inferior articular processes - plane joint - restricts lateral movement
41
intervertebral articulations; discs (what are they, made of what)
-allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
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anulus fibrosus
fibrocartilage in joints of vertebrae
43
nucleus pulposus
nucleus inbetween vertebrae and inside cartilage - made of water (75%) - hyaluronic acid - reticular and elastic fibers
44
intervertebral articulations: herniated disc
- slipped disc - nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus - movements of vertebral column compresses nucleus
45
shoulder joint
- glenohumeral joint - head of humerus meets glenoid cavity - gelnoid cavity covered by glenoid labrum - ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to margin of glenoid cavity
46
elbow joint
- two joints: humerus and ulna (hinge, flexion/extension) | - humerus and radius (pivot, pronation/supination)
47
wrist and hand joints
``` radiocarpal joint intercarpal joints capometacarpal joints metacarpophalangeal joints -interphalangeal joints ```
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radiocarpal joint
- radius and 3 proximal carpels - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction - circumduction
49
intercarpal joints
sliding
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carpometacarpal joints
- thumb (saddle) | - other digits (plane=sliding)
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metacarpophalangeal joints
hand to fingers (condylar) - adduction/abduction - flexion/extension
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interphalangeal joints
fingers (hinge) | -flexion/extension
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hip joint
- femoral head meets acetabulum of pelvis - ball and socket - labrum extends the size of the acetabulum
54
knee joint must..
- this joint must 1. support body mass 2. have 160 degrees motion 3. be unobstructed by muscle (like hip) - lack strong yet limiting ligaments (like ankle)
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knee joints
tibiofemoral joint -hinge (flexion/extension, some rotation) patellofemoral joint -plane (sliding)
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ankle joints
``` ankle (talocrural joint) -tibiotalar -tibiofibular -fibulotalar dorsi/plantiflexion ```
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foot joints
- intertarsal - tarsometatarsal - metatarsophalageal - interphalangeal
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intertarsal
plane joints between tarsals
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tarsometatarsal
-plane joints between tarsals and metatarsals
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metatarsophalangeal
-condylar joints between metatarsals and digits
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interphalangeal
-hinge joints in digits
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Types of fibrous joints
Sutures Syndesmosis Gomphosis
Anatomy
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