Anatomy > Chapter 25- The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25- The Digestive System Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

digestion

A
  • process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed
  • -breakdown of ingested food
  • -absorption of nutrients into blood
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2
Q

metabolism

A
  • production of ATP

- anabolic and catabolic cellular activities

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3
Q

digestive system

A
  • alimentary canal
  • -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
  • accessory organs
  • -salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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4
Q

layers of the digestive tract

A

structure of the wall

  • 4 layers:
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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5
Q

mucosa

A
  • inner most layer
  • consists of three layers
  • -mucosal epithelium
  • -lamina propria: blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, MALT
  • -muscularis mucosa
  • –smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • –two layers: circular and longitudinal
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6
Q

mucosa cont.

A
  • may have folds to increase surface area
  • may have glands
  • -mucous and digestive enzymes
  • functions
  • -protection
  • -absorption and secretion
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7
Q

submucosa

A
  • loose CT, glands, BV, lymph vessels and nerves
  • functions:
  • -nourish surrounding tissues
  • -carry away absorbed materials
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8
Q

muscularis

A
  • layers of visceral smooth muscle
  • -inner=circular
  • –decrease diameter when contracted
  • -outer=longitudinal
  • –shorten tube when contract
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9
Q

serosa

A
  • aka visceral peritoneum
  • -does not exist superior to the diaphragm
  • –instead there is adventitia
  • epithelium and CT
  • function
  • -protection
  • -secrete serous fluid
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10
Q

peritoneum

A

a series of membranes in the abdominal cavity

  • visceral: adheres directly to the internal organs
  • parietal: adheres to the abdominal wall
  • are continuous with one another
  • peritoneal cavity in between
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11
Q

peritoneum: mesentaries

A
  • sheets of peritoneum connected to organs
  • access route for vessels and nerves
  • stabilize position
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12
Q

peritoneum: lesser and greater omentum

A 
lesser omentum:
-connects the stomach to the liver
greater omentum:
-starts at stomach
-descends inferior
-then ascend to form a pouch or "apron"
--filled with adipose
-attaches to the colon
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13
Q

peritoneum: mesentery proper and mesocolon

A

mesentery proper
-attaches to the majority of the small intestines
mesocolon:
-attaches to large intestine
both allow for nerves, BV and lymphatics to connect to intestines

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14
Q

peritoneum types

A
  • mesenteries
  • lesser omentum
  • greater omentum
  • mesentery proper
  • mesocolon
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15
Q

motor functions

A
  • peristalsis

- segmentation

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16
Q

peristalsis

A
  • propels bolus down the tract
  • circular muscles contract first
  • -prevents bolus from moving back
  • longitudinal necxt
  • -advances it down the tract
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17
Q

segmentation

A
  • no net movement in any particular direction
  • goal is to fragment bolus
  • mostly circular muscle contractions
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18
Q

mouth: functions

A
  • mastication/mixing
  • lubrication
  • speech
  • taste/evaluation
  • limited digestion
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19
Q

mouth structures

A
  • hard palate
  • -palatine bone on roof of mouth
  • soft palate
  • -CT extension of the palate
  • -uvula: dangles at the end of soft palate, prevents food from going down prematurely
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20
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva

  • mucous and serous fluid
  • form food bolus
  • make salivary amylase (starch digestion)
  • dissolve chemicals for taste
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21
Q

glands

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A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
22
Q

teeth: functions

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A

mastication

-mechanical breakdown

23
Q

types of teeth

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A
  1. incisors
    - cutting
  2. cuspids (canines)
    - tearing
  3. bicuspids (premolars)
    - crushing and grinding
  4. molars
    - crushing and grinding
24
Q

tooth regions

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A
  1. crown
    - exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel
  2. root
    - base; within host bone
  3. neck
    - boundary between root and crown
  4. gingiva
    - gums
    - gingival sulcus: where gum and tooth meet
25
dental succession
- primary or deciduous teeth - -20 total - -incisors, cuspids, 1st and 2nd molars
26
secondary or permanent teeth
- 32 total | - incisors, cuspids, 1st and 2nd bicuspid, 1st, 2nd, 3rd molars
27
pharynx
movement through the pharynx - enabled by swallowing - bolus enters the oropharynx - passes the laryngopharynx
28
swallowing
- known as deglutition - 3 stages - -buccal phase - -pharyngeal phase - -esophageal phase
29
esophagus
- function: passageway for food only to stomach - straight, collapsible tube - penetrates diaphragm through esophageal hiatus
30
histology of esophagus
``` mucosa -stratified squamous -large folds (expansion) muscularis: -skeletal muscle in superior regions adventitia (no serosa) ```
31
stomach: functions
- storage - mechanical breakdown - -churning, mixing - chemical breakdown of protein - delivers CHYME to small intestine - little absorption of nutrients - -alcohol, aspirin, water
32
stomach: general shape
- lesser curvature | - greater curvature
33
major regions
- cardia: meets esophagus - fundus: superior region - body: largest region - pyloris: meets small intestine
34
stomach: histology
- mucosa - -folded into rugae for expansion during a full stomach - muscularis: - -three muscle layers: 1. outer: longitudinal 2. middle: circular 3. inner: oblique
35
gastric glands
``` -make gastric juice secretory cell types: -parietal cells --HCL: lowers pH --intrinsic factor: absorbs B12 -chief cells: --pepsinogen: breaks down proteins -enteroendocrine cells --secrete the hormone gastrin ```
36
small intestine: regions
- duodenum - -25cm - -digestive secretions form liver and pancreas - jejunum - -2500cm - -most digestion and absorption - Ileum - -3500 cm
37
functions of small intestine
- completes digestion of chyme - receives secretions from pancreas and liver - absorbs products of digestion - -majority of absorption - transports remaining residue to large intestine
38
Small intestine: how it increases surface area
- plicae circulares: folds in lining - intestinal villi: fingerlike projections of mucosa - microvilli: fingerlike extensions of cell membranes
39
large intestines: functions
- NO digestive enzymes - NO nutrient absorption - bacteria here digest remaining nutrients - -remaining water and vitamins K and B absorbed - remaining materials: - -defecated as feces - -slow, infrequent peristalsis - -enabled by mucus production
40
large intestine: regions
- cecum - -dialated, pouch-like structure - veriform appendix - -narrow tube with closed end - -hangs down from cecum - -lymphatic tissue but no digestive function
41
large intestine: regions (colons)
- ascending colon: travels upward along posterior wall to just below liver - transverse colon: turns at right colic flexture and go towards spleen - descending colon: turns downward at left colic flexture - sigmoid colon: S-shaped part near terminal end
42
large intestine: regions (exits)
- rectum: - -follows curvature of sacrum - -leads to anal canal - anus - -opening to outside - -guarded by 2 sphincters - --internal: smooth muscle - --external: skeletal
43
liver: functions
- carbohydrate and lipid metabolism - -synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol - -converts carbohydrates and proteins to fat - protein metabolism: makes blood proteins - storage: glycogen, vitamins, iron - blood filtering - detoxification - secretes bile
44
liver: structure
- divided into loves by falciform ligament - coronary ligament attaches liver to diaphragm - largest lobe on right
45
Liver: structure cont. (hepatic lobules)
hepatic lobules - functional unit - hepatocytes around central vein: - -remove toxins - -produce bile - hepatic sinusoids: - -vascular channels - -receive blood from portal veins - kupffer cells - -fixed macrophages
46
gall bladder: location
-inferior surface of liver
47
gall bladder: function
- store bile - concentrate bile by reabsorbing water - release bile into duodenum
48
see path of bile diagram
s
49
pancreas
- structure: head, body, tail - pancreatic juice goes into the duodenum via: - -pancreatic duct - -hepatopancreatic sphincter
50
pancreatic juice: produced by
-produced by pancreatic acini
51
pancreatic juice: composed of
- pancreatic amylase: starch - proteinases and trypsin: protein - lipase: fat - nucleases: nucleic acids - alkalines: neutralizes acidic chyme
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