AP Euro > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cold War?

A

the ideological struggle between the US and USSR from 1947-1989

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2
Q

What is NATO?

A

An alliance between North American and European countries committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty

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3
Q

What is the Warsaw Pact?

A

A 1955 alliance of East European socialist states dominated by the USSR

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4
Q

Where did the soviets try to expand?

A

Central Europe, Balkans, the Middle East

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5
Q

Why did the U.S. intervene in Russia’s goals?

A

Believed USSR was trying to subvert democracy, wanted to implement autonomy

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6
Q

What is the Iron Curtain?

A

A 1946 speech by Churchill warning against Communist influence and urging Western unity and strength

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7
Q

What is the Truman Doctrine?

A

A 1947 advocation of aiding support to European countries believed to be vulnerable to Soviet influence

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8
Q

What caused the Truman Doctrine?

A

Civil war in Greece between the British government and communist Yugoslavia

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9
Q

What is the Marshall Plan?

A

George Marshall’s plan to provide economic aid to Europe on the condition for cooperation and mutual benefit

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10
Q

What countries did the USSR forbid to join the Marshall Plan?

A

Poland and Hungary

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11
Q

What is Cominform?

A

A 1947 organization to spread communism and end the popular front

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12
Q

What is the popular front?

A

A coalition of working class and middle class entities

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13
Q

How did Stalin view Americans?

A

Trying to isolate and encircle the USSR

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14
Q

When was Czechoslovakia brought under Soviet rule?

A

1948

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15
Q

Who is Josp Tito?

A

The Yugoslav prime minister who freed Yugoslavia from the Soviets in the 1940s

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16
Q

What caused the Berlin Blockade?

A

Russia dismantled German industry, Us tried to make Germany self-sufficient to avoid communism, Soviets feared better and new currency in Berlin

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17
Q

What was the Berlin Blockade?

A

A 1948 sealing of Berlin by closing railroads and highways to West Germany to try and force the Allies to abandon the city

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18
Q

What was the Treaty of Brussels?

A

A 1948 treaty between Benelux, France, and Britain providing cooperation

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19
Q

What is COMECON?

A

A 1949 organization with Eastern European states to integrate economies

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20
Q

What was the Balfour Declaration?

A

Alfred Balfour’s 1917 delcration that Britain would establish a national home for Jews in Palestine

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21
Q

When did the Yishuv declare independence of Israel?

A

May 14, 1948

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22
Q

Who was the first prime minister of Israel?

A

David Ben-Gurion

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23
Q

What did Europe and the U.S. want from Arab countries?

A

oil

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24
Q

Why did Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq invade Israel?

A

to prevent it from forming

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25
What is the Democratic Republic of Korea?
North Korea, backed by USSR
26
What is the Republc of Korea?
South Korea backed by the U.S.
27
What was the Korean War?
A 1950-1953 war between North and South Korea across the 38th parallel to prevent Communist spread
28
Who was Nikita Khrushchev?
The 1953 leader of the Communist Party who denounced Stalin and sought to reform the USSR
29
What were Khrushchev's policies of reform?
Intellectuals mildy free to express opinions, tried to meet demand for more consumer goods, decentralize economic planning, remove restrictive regulations on private cultivation
30
What was the Secret Speech of 1956?
Khurshcev's speech denouncing Stalin during the Purges and removed Stalinist policies
31
What was the Suez Intervention?
A 1956 British-Israeli-French intervention into Egypt when President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal
32
Why did Britain and France intervene?
Feared the canal would close supplies of oil in the Persian Gulf
33
Who was Wladyslaw Gomulka?
The new Polish Communist leader in 1956 who halted collectivization and improved relations with the Polish Roman Catholic Church
34
What was the Hungarian Revolution?
1956 protests calling for the removal of the USSR, the Warsaw Pact, and a neutral Hungary
35
Who was Imre Nagy?
A Hungarian Communist leader who led the Hungarian Revolution
36
Why was the 1960 Paris summit meeting canceled?
USSR shot down a U2 spy plane, Khruschev demanded apology, Eisenhower refused
37
What was the Berlin Wall?
A 1961 border between East and West Germany to prevent the spread of communism from the East and to keep the economy steady
38
Who was Fidel Castro?
A Cuban revolutionary who toppled the 1957 dictatorship and established a Communist government
39
What was the Cuban Missle Crisis?
The USSR planted missiles in Cuba in 1962 and Kennedy blockaded Cuba
40
Who was Leonid Brezhnev?
A Soviet politician who invaded Czechoslovakia and crushed Prague Spring
41
What was Prague Spring?
A 1968 period of liberal communism and freedom of discussion by Alexander Dubeck of Czechoslovakia
42
What was the Breznev Doctrine?
A 1968 doctrine declaring the right of the USSR to interfere in policies of other communist countries and sustain communism
43
What did Richard Nixon do?
Start détente with USSR
44
What were the Helsinki Accords?
Accors recognizing the Soviet sphere of influence in Europe and humans rights of the signers' citizens
45
What was the Invasion of Afghanistan?
A 1979 invasion by Brezhnev to ensure Soviet influence
46
What were the effects of the Soviet-Afghan War?
U.S. refused to ratify Strategic Arms Limitation, banned grain shipments to USSR, aided Afghan rebels
47
What was Solidarity?
An anti-communist 1980 Polish trade union
48
Who was Pope John Paul II?
A 1978 pope who resisted communism and Soviet domination
49
What was the Gdańsk strike of 1980?
Polish gov. raised meat prices and workers striked on Aug. 14
50
What were the effects of the Gdańsk strike?
Martial law in Dec., leader Lech Walesu arrested
51
What did Ronald Reagan do?
Relaxed on Helenski Accords, hated USSR, proposed Star Wars, increased military spending
52
What was the Star Wars proposal?
Strategic Defense Initative, a 1983 program proposing a missle defense system
53
How did Britain rule India?
divide-and-rule strategy, Indians payed for British rule, India supplied raw materials
54
Who was Ghandi?
The leader of the Indian nationalist movement who used passive resistance to get India's independence in 1947
55
What was the Salt March?
A 1930 march to break British salt monopoly by colelcting it
56
What was the Muslim League?
A organization by Ali Jinnah who sought a Muslim state
57
What were the effects of Pakistan's creation in 1947?
Political Islamism
58
Why did Britain withdraw from Palestine?
Burma and Sri Lanka became independent in 1948, formed Israel and Arab nationalist movements
59
What are pieds noirs?
20% of people of French descent who were born in Algeria
60
How did France treat colonial Algeria?
Voting system granted to French settlers, citizenship only given to Algerian veterans, literate, or owned land
61
What caused Algerian nationalism?
Free France vs. Muslims in Setif in 1945
62
What was Algerian War of Independence?
A 1954-1962 war between the National LIberation Front (FLN) and Fourth French Republic after it declared Algeria a part of France
63
Who was Ho Chi Minh?
The leader of the Viet Minh who declared Vietnamese independence in 1945
64
What cities did the Viet Minh take in 1954?
Dien Bien Phu and Hanoi
65
Who was Ngo Dinh Diem?
A non-communist who established South Vietnam in 1955
66
What was the Viet Cong?
A 1960 group formed to overthrow Diem
67
What was Vietnamization?
Nixon's policy of gradual withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam while the South Vietnamese army took over
68
Who was Mikhail Gorbachev?
The last leader of the USSR in 1985 who ended Communist rule
69
What is perestroika?
The attempt to reform the USSR gov. and economy by using free-markets
70
What caused perestroika?
1989 coal mines strikes
71
Effects of perestroika
promised better wages and private ownership of property, economy stagnated and declined
72
What was Glasnost?
"openness," Gorbachev's policy permitting USSR criticism and open elections
73
Who was Helmut Kohl?
The chancellor of West Germany who led the unification of Germany and opened the Berlin Wall
74
What was the Velvet Revolution?
A 1989 revolution where Václav Havel led Civic Forum against the Czechoslovakian communists and became president on Dec. 29
75
Who was Nicolae Ceausescu?
The president of Romania who fired on crowds protesting conditions in 1989
76
What were the effects of renouncing the Brezhnev Doctrine?
Europeans could shape political destiny, protests of Communist party, asserting democracy
77
What were factors leading to the collapse of the USSR?
Estonia and Latvia disconent, Lithuania declared independence, Gorbachev failed to negotiate
78
What was the August 1991 coup?
A coup tried to take power from Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin became a dominant political figure, causing the USSR collapse
79
What did Yeltsin do?
A radical seeking democracy who was against Gorbachev, president of the Russian Republic in 1990 and went to war with Chechnya in 1994
80
What caused the Yugoslav Wars?
Tensions between Croats and Slovens against Serbs, Montenegrins, and Macedonians, Serbia wanted a Greater Serbia in Yugoslavia to dominate
81
What was the Yugoslav Wars?
1991-2001 wars between Serbia and Croatia after they declared independence for nationalism
82
What did the Serbs do?
ethnic cleansed Bosnian muslims, deported Albanians from Kosovo
83
What did NATO do Yugoslav Wars?
Forced Serbs to withdraw artillery after Sarajevo explosion, carried 1995 airstrikes, protected Albanians
84
Who was Vladamir Putin?
A nationalistic leader who renewed the war against Chechnya and sought to centralize authority
85
Effects of Putin's rule
economy improved, imprisoned critics, censorship, supported Americans invading Afghanistan
86
What was the Russo-Gerogrian War?
2008 War where Russia invaded Georgia after they invaded South Ossetia
87
What is radical Islamism?
The beliefs rejecting Western ideas and creating a society based on rigorous interpretation of Islam
88
What is Muslim reformism?
the belief that a reformed Islam must be established
89
What was the Iranian Revolution of 1979?
Ayatollah Khomeini united classes to implement a theocracy
90
Why did Aghanistan resist the USSR?
Did not want a western or atheistic state
91
What is the Taliban?
A 1998 Islamic fundamentalist organization who imposed strict regulation of women and punishments
92
What is Al Qaeda?
meaning, base, Islamist fundamentalist training corps
93
What are madrasas?
A Pakistani education system teaching reformed Islam and hatred of the U.S.
94
What was the Persian Gulf War?
A 1991 war caused by Iraq under Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait. Saudi Arabia allowing the U.S. to construct military bases on its land
95
Who was Osama Bin Laden?
The founder of Al-Qaeda who believed the U.S. settling in Saudi Arabia as invading Muhammad's home
96
What did George W. Bush do?
Termed a war on terrorism and argued WMD existed in Iraq
97
What were the Madrid Bombings?
Mar. 11, 2004 train bombings by Al Qaeda, causing Spanish troops to withdraw from Iraq
98
What was the surge?
The Bush admin. increased troops in Iraq and Baghdad
99
Who was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn?
A Soviet author who raised awareness of political repression in the USSR and wrote The Gulag Archipelago, criticizing gulags, pardoned by Khrushchev
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