A&P 2 lecture > Chapter 21 part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Peripheral resistance (PR)

A

opposition to blood flow caused by friction of blood against the wall of the blood vessel

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2
Q

6 factors affecting blood pressure

A
  1. vessel diameter
  2. vessel length
  3. viscosity
  4. cardiac output
  5. Blood volume
  6. blood flow
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3
Q

vessel diameter

  • changes mostly occur in ____
  • 2 types
A
  • arterioles
    1. vasoconstriction
      1. vasodilation
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4
Q

vasoconstriction

  • definition
  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • diameter decreases
  • increases
  • increases
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5
Q

vasodilation

  • definition
  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • diameter increases
  • decreases
  • decrease
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6
Q

Vessel length

-2 functions

A
  1. growth

2. weight gain

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7
Q

vessel length increases

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • increases

- increases

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8
Q

vessel length decreases

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • decreases

- decreases

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9
Q

viscosity

-definition

A

thickness of the blood (hematocrit)

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10
Q

increase thickness of blood

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • increases

- increases

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11
Q

decrease thickness of blood

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • decreases

- decreases

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12
Q

increased cardio output

  • formula
  • effect of BP
A
  • HR x SV

- increases

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13
Q

decreased cardio output

  • formula
  • effect on BP
A
  • HR x SV

- decreases

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14
Q

increased blood vol.

  • effect on SV
  • effect on CO
  • effect on BP
A
  • increases
  • increases
  • increases
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15
Q

decreased blood vol

  • effect on SV
  • effect on CO
  • effect on BP
A
  • decreases
  • decreases
  • decreases
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16
Q

increased blood flow

-effect on BP

A

-increases

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17
Q

decreased blood flow

-effect on BP

A

-decreases

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18
Q

Autoregulation

  • definition
  • 2 components
A
  • LOCAL regulation within capillary bed of tissue in response to localized changes
    1. local vasoconstrictors
      1. local vasodilators
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19
Q

what does the term “local” mean

A

happens at the tissue level

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20
Q

local vasoconstrictors

  • 2 examples
  • released by what
  • response to
A
    1. protaglandins
      1. thromboxanes
  • activated platelets and WBCs
  • damage to vessels
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21
Q

local vasodilators

-5 functions

A
  1. decrease tissue O2
  2. increase tissue CO2
  3. increase K+ or H+
  4. Histamines
  5. increase temp
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22
Q

central nervous system

  • definition
  • when is it brought in
  • location
  • 2 centers
A

adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain blood flow

  • when autoregulation cant keep up we bring this in
  • medulla oblongata
    1. cardiac center
      1. vasomotor center
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23
Q

cardiac center

-2 centers within this

A
  1. cardioaccelatory center

2. cardioinhibitory center

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24
Q

cardioaccelatory center

  • NS
  • effect on CO
A
  • sympathetic

- increases

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25
cardioinhibitory center - NS - effect on CO
- parasympathetic | - decreases
26
vasomotor center - contains what - 2 components
- contains 2 populations of neurons - 1. vasoconstriction 2. vasoconstriction
27
Vasoconstriction is vasomotor center - releases what - type of receptor - effect on PR
- norepinephrine - adrenergic - increases
28
vasodilation is vasomotor center - releases what - type of receptor - effect on PR
- epinephrine - cholinergic - decreases
29
Chemical and hormones regulating BP - definition - vasoconstrictors (3) - vasodilators (2)
- enhances short term effects and directs long term changes - norepinephrine, angiotensin, antidiuretic hormone - nitric oxide (NO), atrial natriuretic peptide
30
regulation of blood pressure: baroreceptors (response to an increase in BP) - location - 5 steps
- in the carotid sinus, wall of atrium and ascending aorta 1. homeostasis is disturbed = increase in BP 2. Reflex response: baroreceptors stimulated 3. Vasomotor center inhibited -> vasodilation -> decrease in BP 3. AND cardioinhibitory center stimulated and cardioaccelatory center inhibited 4. decrease CO 5. decrease BP 6. homeostasis restored
31
regulation of BP: baroreceptors (response to decrease in BP)
1. homeostasis is disturbed: decrease in BP 2. reflex response: baroreceptors inhibited 3. vasomotor center stimulated-> vasoconstriction -> increase in BP 3. AND cardioinhibitory center stimulated and cardioaccelatory center inhibited 4. Increase CO 5. decrease BP 6. homeostasis restored`
32
Regulation of BP: chemoreceptors - location - 5 steps
1. homeostasis disturbed: decrease pH, O2 and increase CO2 2. reflex response: chemoreceptors stimulated 3. respiratory centers -> increase respiration rate ->increase pH and O2 and decrease CO2 3. cardioaccelatory center stimulated and cardio inhibitory center inhibited-> increase CO and BP 3. vasomotor center stimulated -> vasoconstriction -> increase CO and BP 4. increase in pH and O2 and decrease in CO2 5. homeostasis restored: normal ph, O2 and CO2
33
2 major circuits
1, pulmonary circuit | 2. systemic circuit
34
pulmonary circuit - pulmonary arteries - pulmonary veins
- blood away from heart towards lungs | - blood away from lungs towards heart
35
systematic circuit - arteries - veins
- blood away from heart towards body tissues | - blood toward heart from body
36
4 divisions of aorta
1. ascending aorta 2. aortic arch 3. thoracic aorta 4. abdominal aorta
37
ascending aorta - 2 arterial branches - 2 regions supplied
- right and left coronary arteries | - right and left ventricles
38
aortic arch | -5 arterial branches
- 1. Brachiocephalic (right common carotid, right subclavian) 2. Left common carotid 3. left subclavian artery
39
regions supplied by: - right common carotid - right subclavian - left common carotid - left subclavian
- head and neck - shoulder, arm, chest wall, and back - head and neck - shoulder, arm, chest wall and back
40
4 branches of the aortic arch supplying the head and neck
1. common carotid 2. carotid sinus 3. internal carotid 4. external carotid
41
carotid sinus | -location
located at base of internal carotid
42
internal carotid - location - supplies what
- inside skull | - brain
43
external carotid | -supplies 3 things
1. face 2. neck 3. throat
44
trace a blood drop from heart to fingers | -7
1. heart 2. aortic arch 3. subclavian artery 4. axillary artery 5. brachail artery 5. ulnar and radial 6. superficial and deep palmar arteries 7. digital arteries
45
thoracic aorta - many or a little branches - extends from __ to __ - 2 arterial branches
- many - T5 to T12 - visceral and parietal
46
regions supplied by: - visceral - parietal
- organs of chest: pericardium, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus - chest wall: muscles and diaphragm
47
abdominal aorta - begins where - 4 arterial branches
- immediately inferior to diaphragm - 1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric 3. right and left renals 4. inferior mesenteric
48
celiac trunk - 3 arterial branches - regions supplied
- 1. left gastric artery (stomach) 2. splenic artery (spleen) 3. common hepatic artery (liver)
49
regions supplied by: - superior mesenteric - right and left renals - inferior mesenteric
- pancreas, sm intestine, and parts of large intestine - kidneys - large intestine and rectum
50
right internal iliac artery | -supplies 4 organs
1. bladder 2. rectum 3. prostate 4. uterus and vagina
51
2 types of veins
1. deep | 2. superficial
52
deep veins - lies next to ___ - have different or same name
- arteries | - have same name
53
superficial veins - lies near ___ - have different or same name
- surface | - different
54
all systematic veins empty into ____ through these 3 vessels
- right atrium 1. superior vena cava 2. coronary sinus 3. inferior vena cava
55
superior vena cava drains
upper regions of body
56
coronary sinus drains
myocardium
57
inferior vena cava drains
lower parts of the body
58
2 veins of the head and neck
1. right and left internal jugular | 2. right and left external jugular
59
right and left internal jugular | -regions drained
drains the brain through a series of sinuses: largest sinus is the sagittal sinus that runs in falx cerebri
60
right and left external jugular | -regions drained
drains the structures of the face
61
5 deep veins of the arm
1. subclavian 2. axillary 3. brachial 4. radial 5. ulnar
62
regions drained by deep veins: - subclavian - axillary - brachial - radial - ulnar
- shoulder - axillary region (arm pit) - upper arm - lower arm - lower arm
63
how does axillary vein form
basilic joins with brachial to form axillary
64
3 superficial veins of the arm
1. cephalic 2. basilic 3. median cubital
65
regions drained by superficial veins - cephalic - basilic - median cubital
-regions of the superficial arm
66
what vein is used for blood collection
median cubital
67
7 veins of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
1. azygos system 2. superior vena cava 3. inferior vena cava 4. right and left common iliacs 4. hepatic 5. renal 6. gonadal
68
what are the deep veins of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
azygos system, superior and inferior vena cava and right and left common iliac
69
regions drained by: 1. azygos system 2. superior vena cava 3. inferior vena cava 4. right and left common iliacs 5. hepatic 6. renal 7. gonadal
1. chief collecting vessels of the thorax 2. head, neck, and upper extremities 3. lower extremity 4. pevis and lower limbs 5. liver 6. kidneys 7. gonads
70
7 deep veins of the leg
1. common iliac 2. internal iliac 3. external iliac 4. femoral 5. popliteal 6. posterior tibial 7. anterior tibial
71
superficial vein of the leg
great saphenous
72
regions drained by: 1. common iliac 2. internal iliac 3. external iliac 4. femoral 5. popliteal 6. posterior tibial 7. anterior tibial
1. right and left join to form inferior vena cava 2. pelvic region 3. thigh 4. thigh 5. posterior knee 6. posterior leg 7. anterior leg
73
regions drained by great saphenous
superficial structures of the leg
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