1
Q
lymphatic system
-4 components
A
- lymph
- lymphatic vessels
- lymphoid tissues and organs
- lymphocytes
2
Q
lymph
- known as
- similar to what
A
- interstitial fluid
- similar to plasma but contains lower amounts of protein
3
Q
lymphocytes
A
provide defense against infections and other environmental hazards
4
Q
3 functions of lymphatic system
A
- fluid balances
- fat absorption
- defense
5
Q
fluid balance
-entering and exiting
A
more fluids exit the capillaries than is reabsorbed
-extra fluid enters the lymphatics and is returning to the blood
6
Q
fat absorption
-where does it absorb fat from
A
digestive system
7
Q
defense
- what filters microorganisms
- what are defense cells called
A
microorganisms are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleen
-lymphocytes
8
Q
hydrostatic pressure
- definition
- what does high HP do
A
the pressure exerted by a liquid in response to an applied force
-tends to force H2O out of solution
9
Q
what contributes to hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries
A
blood pressure
10
Q
osmotic pressure
- definition
- what does indication of the force do
- what does high OP do
A
- the pressure is required to stop the flow of water by osmosis
- moves the water into a solution because of its solute concentration
- tends to draw H2O into a solution into a solution
11
Q
what contributes to the osmotic pressure of the blood
A
plasma proteins (mostly albumins)
12
Q
Arterial side
- water moves in or out
- hydrostatic pressure __ osmotic pressure
- fluid in capillary
- produces ___L/day of filtrates
A
- moves out
- greater than
- is forced out of capillary = filtration
- 24 L/day
13
Q
Venule side
- water moves in or out
- hydrostatic pressure __ osmotic pressure
- fluid is
- produces ___ L/day of filtrates
A
- in
- less than
- forced into capillaries = reabsorption (occurs because of osmosis)
- 20.4 L/day
14
Q
what is the difference in liters produced by the arterial side and the venule side
-what is done with it
A
- difference of ~3.6 L/day of fluid
- it is reabsorbed into lymphatics and returned to blood
15
Q
Lymphatic vessels
-definition
A
carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system
16
Q
lymphatic capillaries
- definition
- present where
- absent where
- 1 component
A
- where the lymphatic networks begin
- present in almost every tissue and organ in body
- absent in areas that lack a blood supply
- lacteals
17
Q
lacteals
- definition
- function
A
lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine
-transport of absorbed lipids
18
Q
how is the lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries
-2
A
- they originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes
- have large diameters and thinner walls
19
Q
2 major lymph-collecting vessels
A
- superficial lymphatics
2. deep lymphatics
20
Q
superficial lymphatics location
A
located in the subcutaneous layers deep to the skin
21
Q
deep lymphatics
-function
A
drains muscles, joints, and other deep structures
22
Q
relationship between the lymphatic ducts and the venous system
A
large lymphatic vessels converge to form trunks which empty into 1 or 2 large ducts
23
Q
2 types of ducts
A
- thoracic duct
2. right lymphatic duct
24
Q
throacic duct
- base
- empties into what
A
- cisterna chyli which receives lymph from lower parts of the body
- left subclavian vein
25
right lymphatic duct
- delivers where
- empties into what
- lymph from right side of body above diaphragm
| - empties into right subclavian vein
26
lymphoid tissue
- structure
- location
- each nodule has what
- densely packed lymphocytes within areolar CT
- deep to epithelium, digestive and urinary tracts
- each nodule has a "germinal center" which contain dividing lymphocytes
27
MALT
- what does it stand for
- definition
- component
- what does it have in it
- Mucosa, associated lymphoid tissue
- lymphoid tissue linked to digestive system
- aggregated lymphoid nodule
- areas of small intestine and appendix
28
tonsil
- definition
- 3 types
- what does it have
- contains what
- large lymphoid nodules in the wall of the pharynx
- pharyngeal, palatine and lingual
- multiple germinal centers
- crypts
29
crypts
- definition
- function
- invaginated outer edges
| - trap material to be screened by lymphocytes for pathogens
30
locations of the lymph nodes
- typically found in together or separate
- function
- 4 main regions
- in clusters
- receive lymph from specific regions of the body
- cervical, axillary, lumbar and inguinal
31
cervical lymph nodes
drains lymph from head and neck
32
axillary lymph nodes
drains lymph from breast, axilla and upper arm
33
lumbar lymph nodes
drains lymph from abdominal organs
34
inguinal lymph nodes
drains lymph from pelvis and lower leg
35
what is the importance of lymph node clusters
lymph is filtered as it passes from node to node which insures adequate removal of antigens
36
the structure of a lymph node
| -7
1. afferent lymphatic
2. subcapsular space
3. outer cortex
4. deep cortex
5. medulla
6. efferent vessel
7. capsule
37
capsule
- made of
- definition
- dense CT covering
| - separates node from surrounding tissues
38
afferent lymphatic
where lymph enters
39
subcapsular space
| -what does it contain
-contains macrophages and dendritic cells
40
dendritic cells
involved in initiation of an immune response
41
outer cortex
| -what does it contain
B cells within the germinal centers
42
deep cortex
| -contains what
T cells
43
medulla
| -contains what
B cells and plasma cells organized in medullary cords
44
efferent vessel
where lymph leaves
45
```
function of a lymph node
-4
```
1. filters lymph
2. removes debris and pathogens
3. antigens are presented B and T cells
4. place where immune response is initiated
46
thymus
- location
- largest when?
- 2 components
- function
- in the mediastinum
- largest during childhood, decreases in size throughout adulthood
- cortex and medulla
- produces hormones called thymosins
47
cortex of the thymus
where T lymphocytes are dividing
48
medulla of the thymus
where the mature T cells are
49
thymosins
necessary for the maturation of T cells
50
spleen
- definition
- 3 components
- largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body
| - red pulp, white pulp of splenic nodule, hilum
51
red pulp of spleen contains what
large quantities of RBCs, macrophages and lymphocytes
52
white pulp of splenic nodule
- similar to what
- contains what
- lymphoid nodule
| - large quanities of macrophages, dendrtitc cells and lymphocytes
53
3 functions of the spleen
1. removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components
2. storage of iron recycled from RBCs
3. initiation of immune response by B cells and T cells in response to antigens circulating in blood
54
hilum of the spleen
where vessels enters and exits
55
antigens
- definition
- 4 types of antigens
- chemical targets
- 1. proteins
2. lipids
3. oligosaccharides
4. nucleic acids
56
foreign antigens
| -location
on pathogens, donated tissues and cancer cells
57
self antigens
| -location
on cells
58
2 general types of defense
1. innate (nonspecific) defense
| 2. adaptive (specific) defense
59
innate defense
- definition
- present when
- does not distinguish one type of threat from another (same response regardless of pathogen)
- present at birth (genetic)
60
adaptive defense
- develops when
- responds when
- function
- develops after birth
- depends on activities of specific lymphocytes
- protects against particular threats
61
adaptive defenses
- 4 properties
- 2 forms
- specificity, versatility, memory and tolerance
| - innate immunity and acquired immunity
62
specificity of immunity
a specific defense is activated by a specific antigen
| -response targets that antigen and no others
63
versatility of immunity
- definition
- what does it insure
the immune systems consists of a large diverse population of lymphocytes
-insures the immune system can confront an antigen at any time
64
memory of immunity
- definition
- what is it able to
- can induce what
- the immune system has specific cells called "memory cells"
- able to remember antigens they have already seen
- can induce a stronger, faster response the next time the antigen is encountered
65
tolerance of immunity
- definition
- ex
- immune system does not respond to all antigens
| - the immune system generally ignores normal tissues
66
innate immunity
- present when
- has no relationship to what
- response is generally
- at birth
- no relationship to previous exposure
- generally non specific
67
acquired immunity
- definition
- not present when
- 2 types
- acquire immunity against a specific antigen after exposure
- at birth
- active immunity and passive immunity
68
active immunity
- definition
- 2 types
- develops after exposure to an antigen
- 1. naturally acquired active immunity
2. induced active immunity
69
naturally acquired active immunity
- definition
- ex
- immunity develops because of natural exposure to antigens
| - chicken pox
70
induced active immunity
- definition
- ex
- immunity develops because of deliberate exposure to antigens
- vaccines
71
passive immunity
- definition
- 2 types
- produced by transfer of antibodies from another source
- 1. naturally acquired passive immunity
2. induced passive immunity
72
naturally acquired passive immunity
| -definition
- mom's antibodies given to baby through breast milk
| - mom's antibodies can cross the placenta
73
induced passive immunity
- definition
- example
- antibodies are administered to fight an infection or prevent a disease
- treatment of rabies
74
3 classes of lymphocytes
1. T cells
2. B cells
3. NK cells
75
T cells
- ___ dependent
- how much %
- differentiates into 4 categories
- 80%
- thymus
- 1. cytotoxic T cells
2. Helper T cells
3. Suppressor T cells
4. Memory T cells
76
Cytotoxic T cells
attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses
77
Helper T cells
stimulate the activation and function of both T cells and B cells
78
Suppressor T cells
inhibit the activation and function of both T cells and B cells
79
Memory T cells
are a subset of T cells that respond to a previously encountered antigen
80
B cells
- ____ dependent
- how much % of circulating lymphocytes
- 1 subdivision
- bone marrow
- 10-15%
- plasma cells
81
plasma cells
produce and secrete antibodies
82
NK cells
- how much % of circulating lymphocytes
- known as
- function
- 5-10%
- natural killer cells
- attack abnormal cells: cancer cells to bacteria
83
formation and distribution of lymphocytes
| -3 steps
1. thymus (thymic hormones)
2. red bone marrow
3. peripheral tissues
84
what does red bone marrow play a primary role in
maintenance of normal lymphocyte populations
A&P 2 lecture
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