1
Q
development
A
- orderly changes that remain for a reasonably long period of time between conception and death
2
Q
physical development
A
- changes in the body
3
Q
personal development
A
- changes in an individual’s identity and personality
4
Q
social development
A
- changes in the way an individual relates to others
5
Q
cognitive development
A
- changes in thinking, reasoning, decision making
6
Q
maturation
A
- changes that occur naturally and spontaneously that are to a large extent genetically programmed
- changes emerge over time and are relatively unaffected by the environment (malnutrition, illness)
- most physical development is maturation.
7
Q
nature
A
- heredity
- genes
- biological processes
- maturation
8
Q
nurture
A
- environmental context
- education
- parenting
- culture
- social policies
9
Q
development
discontinuous
A
- sudden changes at once
- stairs
- piaget
9
Q
development
continuous
A
- gradual progress over time
- ramp
- vygotsky
10
Q
general principles of development
A
- people develop at different rates
- development is relatively orderly
- development takes place gradually
11
Q
brain stem
A
- heart rate, breathing, blood pressure
- levels of arousal, sleeping, attention
12
Q
cerebellum
A
- balance and smooth skilled movements
- learning
13
Q
hippocampus
A
- recalling new information, recent experiences
- establish information in long term memory
14
Q
amygdala
A
- directs emotions, agression
- emotional memories
15
Q
thalamus
A
- most sensory signals pass through to impact brain activity
- ability to learn new information, particularly verbal
16
Q
corpus callosum
A
- connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain to allow communication between them, complex mental processing
17
Q
frontal lobe
A
- sets humans apart from other animals
- allows us to process information for planning, remembering, making decisions, solving problems, thinking creatively
18
Q
CAT
computerized axial tomography
A
- 3d images of the brain
- locating and studying tumours/legions
- radiation exposure
19
Q
PET
positron emission tomography
A
- radioactive glucose injected into the body, carried to the brain, more glucose in areas of use
- which areas are involved in different cognitive activities
- more general where as opposed to when
20
Q
electroencephalograph
EEG
A
- electrodes attached to scalp, measures electrical patterns in the brain created by neuron movements
- no drugs/radiation
- sleep/cognitive/language disorders
- whole brain can’t show specific activity
21
Q
event related potential
ERP
A
- uses EEG data to study the brain as people perform activities
- sensory and cognitive activity
- good at assessing speed of neural activity but not location
22
Q
functional magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI
A
- shows oxygenated blood flow in the brain, what areas of the brain are in use
- no drugs/radiation
- studying brain processes and structures related to perception, emotion, thinking, action
- diagnose when to use drugs to treat strokes
- few limitations, pace maker, scary inside
23
Q
near infrared optical tomography
NIR-OT
A
- infrared light through the scalp. light reflected back indicating blood flow and oxygenation revealing brain activity
- non invasive
- can only detect a few cm into the brain where the light can penetrate
24
neurons
- specialized nerve cells that accumulate and transmit information (electrical activity) in the brain and other parts of the nervous system
- also called grey matter
- 1 neuron = small computer
25
neurogenesis
- production of new neurons
- continues into adulthood
26
what neurons look like
- many shapes and sizes, same general structure
27
syanpses
- tiny spaces between neurons
- electrical signals/chemicals pass through synapses
28
dendrites
- long, arm, branch like fibres that connect with other neurons
- receive information and transmits it to other neuron cells
29
axons
- transmit information to our muscles, glands, other neurons
30
synaptic plasticity
- communications between neurons via synaptic transmissions are strengthened via practice or weakened via lack of use
- dynamic as changing and learning occurs
31
children's neurons
- at birth 2500 synapses, by 2/4 15,000
- more than adults at that age in order to adapt to the environment, neural pruning, process information more efficiently
32
experience-expectant overproduction and pruning
- synapses are overproduced in certain parts of the brain during specific developmental periods, awaiting (expecting) stimulation
- eg. brain expects visual and auditory stiumlation, if recieved areas of the brain develop
- eg if deaf, hearing reassigned to visual
33
experience-dependant overproduction and pruning
- synaptic connected formed based on the individual's experience
- formed in response to neural activity localized areas of the brain when you are not successful at a task
- over produces to ensure you are equipped and then prunes after
34
glial cells
- spaces between neurons, white matter
- outnumber neurons
- fight infection, control blood flow, provide myelin coating around axon fibres
35
myelination
- coating of axon neuron fibres, fatty glial coovering
- makes messsage transmission faster and more efficient
36
cerebral cortex
- 3mm outer covering of the brain, largest area
- thin sheet of neurons, crumpled into our folds and wrinkles
- last part of the brain to develop, different parts mature at different rates
- physical motor movements, vision/hearing/touch, higher order thinking processes
37
lateralization
- specialization of 2 hemispheres of the brain, each half controls opposite side of the body
38
left hemisphere of the brain
- language processing
39
right hemisphere
- spatial visual information/emotion
- non verbal
ed psych
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
-
cognitive development28
-
chapter 224
-
chapter 340
-
chapter 40
-
self, social and moral development53
-
learner differences and learning needs32
-
language development, language diversity31
-
complex cognitive processes27
-
constructivist approaches17
-
social cognitive learning18
-
motivation33
-
teaching every student29
-
assesment41
