Variable
Something that might vary and have more than two levels
Constant
Could very but only have one level
Limit to when something can be manipulated
Age can’t be
Some thing can be cuz of ethics
Conceptual variables
Name of the concept being study big umbrella
Operational variable
 What is being manipulated or measured in a study? 
Conceptual definition
A theoretical definition of a construct
Operational definitions 
How the contract is measured or manipulated in a study 
Three types of claims
Frequency
association
Causal
Frequency claim
Describing rate or degree, a variable happens only one variable
Causal claim
Correlation between two variables that goes further and argues one variable is in charge of changing the other variable
Association claim
Argues two variables connection is related to the other variable
Correlation
When one variable changes, the other variable tends to change to
Way to graph correlation associations
Scatter plot
Three types of associations that can exist between pairs of variable
 positive association
Negative association
Zero association
Positive association
Positive slope
High with high
Low with low
Negative association
High with low
Low with high
Negative slope
Zero association
 no direct correlation between vary
Slope would be horizontal line or zero
Construct validity
How well the conceptual variable is operationalized
External validity
How well the results of the study can express people are concepts that were not directly in the study
Statistical validity
Extent that the studies statistical conclusions are precise and replicable
Internal validity
Viability for a study to exclude alternative explanations in the study, directed to the cause
Three criteria that must be meant to support a causal claim
Covariance
Temporal precedence
Internal validity
Type of research design that is considered the gold standard
Experimental design because of the potential support causal claims
What can we do to promote internal validity
Random assignment for groups
