Chapter 4

Question 1

What are two examples of when it’s necessary to use animals for research?

Answer 1

To develop treatments for human humans and animals
When you can’t do it, ethically with humans

Question 2

For foundations of responsible research

Answer 2

Humane treatment

Experimental control

Minimize or eliminate pain and suffering

Protect the reputation of science

Question 3

Activist groups against animal use

Answer 3

Just as likely to experience suffering as humans
Animals have inherent rights like humans

Question 4

Researchers/science views on using animals for research

Answer 4

Scientific benefits to human and animals
Animal welfare is required and strictly regulated
Successful effort efforts to reduce the number of animals used

Question 5

US Congress passed what act for protection of animals

Answer 5

Animal welfare act in 1966
Regulated by USDA and AWA

Question 6

Animal care unit

Answer 6

In charge of making sure regulations are followed
They exclude rats and mice

Question 7

What is the second act Congress passed regarding animals

Answer 7

Health research act 1985
Enforced by the DHHS

Question 8

Health research act for animals

Answer 8

 PHS policy on human care/use of lab animals
The guide for the care/use of animals in lab

Question 9

Who is under the DHHS?

Answer 9

OLAW
INSTITUTIONAL OFFICE
IACUC
Researcher

Question 10

What does IACUC stand for?

Answer 10

Institutional animal care and use committee

Question 11

Who has to be on an IACUC board?

Answer 11

Has to have 5+ members
One vet
One practicing scientist
One who’s primary interest aren’t science?
One unaffiliated with institution

Question 12

What must protocols include to bring to an ICAUC meeting?

Answer 12

Type of species and amount
Rationale for the use of animals, the type of species and the NUMBER used
Why that animal that many?

Majority rules when they vote

Question 13

Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct animals

Answer 13

Psychology on set of guidelines

Human care and use of animals and research standard 8.09

Question 14

The three R’s

Answer 14

Russell and Burch 1959
Reduction
Replacement
Refinement

Question 15

Reduction

Answer 15

Making efforts to use fewer animals in research

Question 16

Replacement

Answer 16

Methods to avoid or replace use of animals

Question 17

Refinement

Answer 17

Modify procedures in order to minimize pain

Question 18

Between groups

Answer 18

Different groups being tested solely on different conditions

Question 19

Within group/repeated measures design

Answer 19

Same subjects going through different conditions

Can’t use for everything

Question 20

What is the Gold standard

Answer 20

Gold standard is replication

Only thing is with animals don’t duplicate if it’s unnecessary

Question 21

Tuskegee syphilis study

Answer 21

1932-1972
Government funded study in syphilis studied in 600 black men followed the lifespan, but never told them they had it or helped them treat it 

Question 22

Terre Haute Penitentiary

Answer 22

US public health conducted studying treatment for STI, exposing men to gonorrhea they determined they were the best subjects for this and bribed them with offers. They couldn’t resist to partake

Question 23

The US health went to Guatemala

Answer 23

1946 to 1948
Conducted the study with 5128 people
1308 people intentionally and knowingly injected with STDs
Targeted politically weak kids and orphans
NIH funded PHS researchers and Guatemala
Intentionally killed people

Question 24

Milgrim obedience studies

Answer 24

1960s
One person was told to administer shocks for the other person, giving a wrong answers with increasing voltage

Question 25

Deception

Answer 25

Need to use in cases to get valid Need a good reason for people to be at low risk Can’t get valid results without you have to prove it though

Question 26

Debriefing

Answer 26

Telling them you’re Y and what you were doing to deceive them have to be available to answer questions

Question 27

The holocaust caused what to be created

Answer 27

Nuremberg code

Question 28

Ethical guidelines from the world medical Association created what

Answer 28

Declaration of Helsinki 1964

Question 29

Placebo versus best known treatment

Answer 29

If there are health concerns, you need to give them the best available treatment for the new drug

Question 30

Post trial provisions

Answer 30

Make helpful treatments or resources available don’t need to pay

Question 31

Use of unproven interventions

Answer 31

For example, giving X drug to treat Y disease Only when necessary been through all other options and no, it could kill them or they’ll die anyway

Question 32

US Congress created what act for humans

Answer 32

National research act in 1974 Enforced by Department of public health and services

Question 33

The three points in the Belmont Report

Answer 33

Respect for persons Beneficence Justice

Question 34

Respect for persons

Answer 34

Informed to consent Special protections of vulnerable populations, like children, pregnant people, prisoners, or cognitively impaired

Question 35

Beneficence

Answer 35

Cost is low and benefits are higher

Question 36

Justice

Answer 36

Sharing cost and benefits are equal over demographics Targeted is who benefit Don’t exclude vulnerable groups who could benefit Don’t exclude people who benefit and target those who don’t

Question 37

DHHS 45CFR 46

Answer 37

 this is the common rule where the Belmont report is

Question 38

After DHHS

Answer 38

OHRP IRB Researcher

Question 39

APA has Belmont +2

Answer 39

Includes all Belmont rules in addition Integrity Fidelity

Question 40

Integrity

Answer 40

Practicing with your scope of expertise to be accurate and admit when you’re wrong and bring back the truth

Question 41

Fidelity

Answer 41

Being trustworthy and honest with how you communicate

Question 42

What does IRB stand for?

Answer 42

Institutional review board

Question 43

Institutional review board requirements

Answer 43

5+ members One with primarily interest in science One with interest outside of science One un affiliated with institution Not all one sex

Question 44

2 types of research misconduct

Answer 44

Data fabrication Data falsification

Question 45

Data fabrication

Answer 45

Making updated to meet your hypothesis

Question 46

Data falsification

Answer 46

Adjusting data or misinterpreting data Analyzing data to prove your hypothesis

Question 47

Plagiarism

Answer 47

Taking someone’s work and trying to pass it off as your own and not giving credit

Question 48

Informed consent

Answer 48

The researcher must explain the study to participants in everyday language to they are informed and able to decide whether to participate Include procedures, risk, benefits, treatment treatments