Chapter 3

Question 1

• these are organisms that rely almost exclusively on a diet of insects.

Answer 1

Insectivores

Question 2

• are organisms that live at the expense of another organism but do not kill it.

Answer 2

Parasite

Question 3

• are a parasite that ultimately kills its host.

Answer 3

Parasitoid

Question 4

Are type of defenses that reduces the probability of encounter by natural enemy

Answer 4

Primary defense

Question 5

– visual deception to avoid predator encounter (e.g. camouflage, mimesis, mimicry)

Answer 5

Crypsis

Question 6

A type of crypsis that the color is similar

Answer 6

Homochromism

Question 7

A type of crypsis where form is similar

Answer 7

Homomorphism

Question 8

– A type of crypsis where color and form are similar

Answer 8

Homotypism

Question 9

Resembling the general background e.g. Geometer moth, brimstone butterfly, and grasshopper

Answer 9

Camouflage

Question 10

Resembling an object that is a particular feature of the environment, and is uninteresting to the predator

Answer 10

Mimesis

Question 11

Ø First recognized and described by Henry Walter Bates on 1861
Ø Protected from predation because the edible species look like the distasteful one.

Answer 11

Batesian mimicry or False advertising

Question 12

Ø Was first recognized and described by Fritz Muller on 1879
Ø Both the mimic and the model are unpalatable, therefore, advantageous both to mimic and model

Answer 12

Mullerian mimicry

Question 13

It was first recognized and described by Eric Wasmann on 1970
Ø The mimic resembles its host (the model) in order to live within the same nest or structure

Answer 13

Wasmannian mimicry

Question 14

Ø It was first recognized and described by Poulton in 1890
Ø Predators or parasites which share the same characteristics as a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey or host

Answer 14

Aggressive mimicry/ Peckhamian mimicry

Question 15

What are secondary defenses

Answer 15

Morphological
Behavioral
Mechanical
Chemical

Question 16

Morphological defenses

Answer 16

1. Eye spots
2. Poisonous
3. Structural defense

Question 17

Behavioral defenses

Answer 17

1. Jumping
2. Reflex dropping
3. Thanatosis
4. Hiding
5. Cycloalexy
6. Gregarious an social insects

Question 18

Mechanical defense

Answer 18

Wax and powdery secretion
Autonomy

Question 19

• chemicals that are noxious because they irritate, hurt, poison, or drug individual predators

Answer 19

Class I

Question 20

• chemicals that are innocuous but tend to stimulate olfactory or gustatory receptors, basically they smell bad contribute to aposematism.

Answer 20

Class II

Question 21

Where do insects get their defensive chemicals?

Answer 21

Ingestion
Synthesis

Question 22

voluntary activity and usually by assumption of a posture suggestive of death.

Answer 22

Thanatosis

Question 23

• forming aggregations in defensive circle

Answer 23

Cycloalexy

Question 24

ü Stink bugs -
ü Meloidae beetles -
ü Buprestidea beetles -
ü Ants (Formacidae) -
ü Bombardier beetles -

Answer 24

ü Stink bugs - Stink glands
ü Meloidae beetles - Cantharidin
ü Buprestidea beetles - Buprestin
ü Ants (Formacidae) - Formic acid
ü Bombardier beetles - Quinone

Question 25

Types of resistance

Answer 25

1. Ecological or Psuedo resistance 2. Genetic resistance

Question 26

Host may pass through the most susceptible stage quickly or at a time when insects are less or evade injury by early maturing.

Answer 26

Host evasion

Question 27

Increase in resistance temporarily as a result of some changed conditions of plants or environment

Answer 27

Induce resistance

Question 28

Absence of infestation or injury to host plant due to transitory process like incomplete infestation.

Answer 28

Escape resistance

Question 29

Controlled by single gene; Easy to incorporate into plants by breeding ; Easy to break also.

Answer 29

Monogenic resistance

Question 30

Genetic resistance which control by few genes

Answer 30

Oligogenic resistance

Question 31

Genetic resistance which control by many genes

Answer 31

Polygenic resistance

Question 32

Also known as vertical resistance.

Answer 32

Major gene resistance

Question 33

Also called horizontal resistance

Answer 33

Minor gene resistance

Question 34

Effective against specific biotypes (also known as specific resistance)

Answer 34

Vertical resistance

Question 35

Effective against all the known biotypes (also called Non-specific resistance)

Answer 35

Horizontal resistance

Question 36

Exhibited by lines which are phenotypically and genetically similar

Answer 36

Pureline resistance

Question 37

Exhibited by lines which are phenotypically similar but genotypically dissimilar

Answer 37

Multi-line resistance

Question 38

Variety with resistance incorporated against a primary pest, confers resistance to another insect.

Answer 38

Cross resistance

Question 39

Resistance incorporated in a variety against different environmental stresses like insects, diseases, nematodes, heat, drought, cold, etc.

Answer 39

Multiple resistance

Question 40

Acquired by coevolution of plant and insect (gene for gene). Governed by major genes

Answer 40

Symphatic resistance

Question 41

Not by co-evolution of plant and insect. Governed by many genes

Answer 41

Allopatic resistance

Question 42

Host plant characters responsible for non-preference of the insects for shelter, oviposition, feeding, etc.

Answer 42

Antixenosis

Question 43

Adverse effect of the host plant on the biology (survival, development and reproduction) of the insects and their progeny due to the biochemical (table 1) and biophysical factors present in it.

Answer 43

Antibiosis

Question 44

Ability to grow and yield despite pest attack.

Answer 44

Tolerance