Chapter 35: Plant Form and Function

Question 1

Plant Systems

Answer 1

• Draw resources from two different environments
• Two basic types:
  
  • Shoot System - above ground
  • Root System - below ground

Question 2

Plant Organs

Answer 2

• Make up systems
• Three types:
  
  1. Leaf - shoot
  2. Stem - shoot
  3. Roots

Question 3

​Roots

Answer 3

• Functions in anchorage, absorption and storage
• Two systems:
  
  1. Taproot
  2. Fibrous

Question 4

Taproot

Answer 4

• Has a main vertical root
• Many branch roots
• Deep penetration
• Generally found in gymnosperms

Question 5

Fibrous Root

Answer 5

• Many are adventitious - emerge from stem, leafs
• Thin roots
• Spread out shallow soils
• Generally found in monocots

Question 6

Root Adaptations (picture)

Answer 6

Question 7

Stems

Answer 7

• Raises the leaf to sunlight
• Composed
  
  • Nodes - point of leaf attachment
  • Internodes - segments b/w nodes
• Axillary Bud - can form branches
• Apical Bud - vertical growth

Question 8

Leaf

Answer 8

• Is the main photosynthetic organ
• Composed of:
  
  • blade
  • petiole
• Vein and leaf morphology used for identification

Question 9

Leaf Shape Variation

Answer 9

Question 10

Tissue Systems

Answer 10

• Plants organs made of tissue
• Tissue Systems:
  
  • Dermal
  • Vascular
  • Ground

Question 11

Dermal Tissue

Answer 11

• Form the outer covering, first line of defense
• Modified by organ
  
  1. Leaf/Stem: covered by cuticle
     
     • prevents waters loss
  2. Root: extension called root hairs
     
     • aid in absorption

Question 12

Vascular Tissue

Answer 12

• Carries out long distance transport
• Two types
  
  1. Xylem - conducts water, minerals
  2. Phloem - transports sugars
• Arrangement of vascular tissues varies by organ

Question 13

Ground Tissue

Answer 13

• Functions in storage, photosynthesis, support
• Arrangement varies
  
  1. Cortex - outside the vascular tissue
  2. Pith - internal to vascular tissue

Question 14

​Plant Cells

Answer 14

• Many Specialized in structure and function
• Common types
  
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
  4. Xylem
  5. Phloem

Question 15

Parenchyma

Answer 15

• most abundant type, thin primary cell walls
• functions include photosynthesis and storage

Question 16

Collenchyma

Answer 16

• Have unevenly thickened primary cell walls
• Function include flexible support

Question 17

Sclerenchyma

Answer 17

• Thick secondary cell walls
• Function include rigid support
• Two types:
  
  1. Sclereids - boxier, irregular shape
  2. Fiber cells - grouped, long strands

Question 18

Vascular Tissue: Xylem

Answer 18

• Conducts water and minerals
• Two types of cells
  
  1. Tracheids - long, tapered
  2. Vessel elements - short, wider
• Have thick secondary walls, becomes wood

Question 19

Vascular Tissue - Phloem

Answer 19

• Transports sugars
• Two types of cells:
  
  1. Sieve tube elements - chain of cells
     
     • internally reduced, lack nucleus
  2. Companion cells - non-conducting cells
     
     • share nucleus