Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function

Question 1

The Body - An Orientation

Answer 1

• Anatomy
  
  • study of the body structure
• Physiology
  
  • Study of body function

Question 2

Anatomy - Levels of Studying

Answer 2

• Gross Anatomy
  
  • Large structures
  • Easily observable
• Microscopic Anatomy
  
  • ​​Very small structures
  • Can only be viewed with a microscope

Question 3

Levels of Organization

Answer 3

Question 4

Integumentary System

Answer 4

• External body covering
• Protects deep tissue from injury
• Helps regulates body temp
• House nerve receptors

Question 5

Skeletal System

Answer 5

• Protects organs
• Muscle attachment
• Blood production
• Stores minerals

Question 6

Muscular System

Answer 6

• Produces movement
• Produces heat

Question 7

Nervous System

Answer 7

• Fast acting control center
• Receives and interprets stimuli
• Activates muscles, glands

Question 8

Endocrine System

Answer 8

• Secretes hormones
  
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism

Question 9

Cardiovascular System

Answer 9

• Transport materials in body via blood pumped by heart
  
  • O2
  • CO2
  • Nutrients
  • Wastes

Question 10

Lymphatic System

Answer 10

• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Cleanses the blood
• Involved in immunity

Question 11

Respiratory System

Answer 11

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide

Question 12

Digestive System

Answer 12

• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminate indigestible material

Question 13

Urinary System

Answer 13

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Regulates water and electrolytes

Question 14

Reproductive System

Answer 14

• Produces offspring

Question 15

Interrelationships Among Body Systems (picture)

Answer 15

Question 16

​Body Tissues

Answer 16

• Histology - study of tissues
• Four major categories
  
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue

Question 17

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 17

• Locations
  
  • Body coverings
  • Body Linings
• Functions
  
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion

Question 18

Connective Tissue

Answer 18

• Functions
  
  • Binds tissues together (tendons)
  • Support the body (bone)
  • Provide Protection (bone, blood)
  • Transport (blood)
  • Storage (bone, fat)

Question 19

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 19

• Cells scattered in an extracellular matrix
• Two main elements:
  
  • 1. Ground Substance
  • 2. Fibers
       * Collagen (white) fibers
       * Elastic (yellow) fibers
       * Reticular fibers

Question 20

​Classification of Connective Tissue

Answer 20

• Can be divided into 3 subgroups
  
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Specialized connective tissue

Question 21

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 21

• Not tightly woven
• Fills spaces between organs
• Has 2 types:
  
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose

Question 22

Areolar Tissue (Loose)

Answer 22

• Like “cobwebs”
• Functions as a packing tissue

Question 23

Adipose Tissue (Loose)

Answer 23

• Contains many fat cells
• Functions
  
  • Insulates the body
  • Protects some organs
  • Serves as fuel storage

Question 24

Dense Connective Tissue

Answer 24

• Made of tightly packed protein fibers
• Tough collagen fibers, elastin fibers
• Locations:
  
  • Tendons - attach skeletal muscle to bone
  • Ligament - attach bone to bone at joints

Question 25

**Specialized Connective Tissue**

Answer 25

* Bone * Cartilage * Blood

Question 26

**Bone (Specialized Connective Tissue)**

Answer 26

* Composed of: * Bone cells (osteoblasts) * Hard matrix of calcium salts * Large numbers of collagen fibers * Used to protect; support the body

Question 27

**Cartilage (SCT)**

Answer 27

1. **Hyaline cartilage** * **​​​**Most common type of cartilage * Composed of: * Collagen Fibers (glassy matrix) * Locations * Costal Ribs

Question 28

**Cartilage cont..**

Answer 28

* **Elastic Cartilage** * Highly elastic * Location: * The external ear * **Fibrocartilage** * Strong; flexible * Location: * Cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Question 29

**Blood (SCT)**

Answer 29

* Unique fluid tissue * Made of **plasma** and blood cells * **Red** and **white blood cells** * Transport vehicle for materials

Question 30

**Muscle Tissue**

Answer 30

* Function is to produce movement * Three muscle types 1. **Skeletal** 2. **Cardiac** 3. **Smooth**

Question 31

**Skeletal Muscle**

Answer 31

* Under **voluntary** control * Contracts to pull on bones or skin * Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells * _Striated_ * _Multinucleate_ (more than one nucleus) * _Long, cylinder cells_

Question 32

**Cardiac Muscle**

Answer 32

* Under involuntary control * Found only in the **heart** * Function is to pump blood * Characteristics: * Cardiac muscle cells attached each other at intercalated disks * Striated

Question 33

**Smooth Muscle**

Answer 33

* Under involuntary control * Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, blood vessels * Characteristics: * No visible striations * Spindle-shaped cells

Question 34

**Nervous Tissue**

Answer 34

* Composed of neurons and nerve support cells **(Glia)** * Control and coordinate the body * **Irritability -** picks up changes * **Conductivity -** sends messages