1
Q
cognitive control definition
A
a mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli
2
Q
what is cognitive control related to
A
executive function, inhibitory control, and willpower
3
Q
inhibitory control definition
A
a mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli
4
Q
what is inhibitory control related to
A
executive function, cognitive power, and willpower
5
Q
willpower definition
A
a mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli
6
Q
what is willpower related to
A
executive function, inhibitory control and cognitive control
7
Q
executive function definition
A
a number of processes that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses
8
Q
what is the executive attention network
A
a proposed neural network responsible for executive functions
9
Q
synchronization definition
A
a neural response becomes synchronized in time
- positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes
10
Q
what is synchronization responsible for
A
enhance effective connectivity and enhance communication between two area that accompany shifts of attention
11
Q
what is ventral attention network
A
a network that controls attention based on stimulus salience
12
Q
what is dorsal attention network
A
a network that controls attention based on top-down processing
13
Q
effective connectivity definition
A
how easily activity can travel along a particular pathway between two structures
14
Q
what is learned from visual scanning experiments (on both R.M and healthy people)
A
provides evidence that supports the idea that attention is an essential component of the mechanism that creates our perception of objects from a number of different features
15
Q
what is Balint’s syndrome
A
a condition caused by brain damage in which a person has difficulty focusing attention on individual objects
16
Q
what are illusory conjunctions
A
- a situation demonstrated in experiments by Anne Treisman
- features from different objects are inappropriately combined
17
Q
what are the features attached to the pre-attentive stage
A
automatic, unconscious and effortless
18
Q
what is the focused attention stage
A
- the second stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory
- attention causes the combination of features into perception of an object
19
Q
what are the stages of Treisman’s feature integration theory
A
- pre-attention stage
- focus attention stage
20
Q
what is the pre-attentive stage
A
- first stage of treisman’s feature integration theory
- an object is analyzed into it’s features
21
Q
what is the feature integration theory
A
- an approach to object perception
- created by Anne Treisman
22
Q
what theory proposes a sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object
A
Treisman’s feature integration theory
23
Q
what is the binding problem
A
the problem of explaining how an object’s individual features become bound together
24
Q
what is binding
A
process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create perception of a coherent object
25
why does change blindness occur
when we look at a scene in a still picture of at the ongoing action in a film, our attention is often not directed at the place where the change occurs
26
what are continuity errors
- in films
- changes that occur from one scene to another that do not match
27
examples of continuity errors
a character reaches for a croissant in one shot and then turns into a pancake in the next shot
28
what did Ronald Rensik do
did an experiment where he presented one picture followed by a blank field followed by the same picture but with an item missing followed by a blank field
- change blindness
29
what is change blindness
difficulty in detecting changes in similar but slightly different scenes that are presented one after another
30
true or false: changes from change blindness are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention
true
31
change detection definition
detecting difference between pictures or displays that are presented one after another
32
what is inattentional deafness
occurs when attention causes a person to miss an auditory stimulus
33
example of inattentional deafness
experiments have shown that it is more difficult to detect a tone when engaged in a difficult visual search task
34
what is visual search
occurs when a person is looking for one stimulus or object among a number of other stimuli or objects
35
what is inattentional blindness
a phenomenon in which people are unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they are not directing their attention to them
36
mind wandering definition
- thoughts that come from within a person
- often unintentionally (daydreaming)
37
zoom fatigue definition
attentional cost due to the constant use of virtual meeting technologies
38
what is productivity illusion
the false belief that multitasking makes a person more productive
39
what is the actual productivity level with multitasking
slower and lower quality
40
choking definition
a decline in performance following increased conscious awareness or intended control of a task
- cognitive choking
41
what is automatic processing
processing that occurs automatically without the person's intending to do it
42
what is automatic processing associated with
easy or well practiced tasks
43
does automatic processing require more or less cognitive resources
less
44
what did Schneider and Shiffrin study
automatic processing
- discovered that practice made is possible for participants to divide their attention
45
multitasking definition
a phenomenon in which a person attempts to consciously divide attention between multiple tasks while also attempting to switch between those task
46
what is task switching
a shifting of attention and cognitive resources from one task to another
47
what is attentional warping
occurs when the map of categories on the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being searched for as a person attends to a scene
48
what does Huth's map illustrate
how different categories of objects and actions are represented by activity that is distributed across a large area of the brain
49
what did Tolga Cukur study
how attention affects the way different types of objects are represented across the brain as a whole
50
what is same object advantage
- occurs when the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object
- attention to once place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at other places on the object
51
pre-cueing definition
a technique used in cognitive psychology where a cue directs attention to a specific location in the visual field before a target appears
- part of covert attention
52
what did Micheal Poser study
wanted to determine whether attention we dedicate to certain objects or locations improves our ability to more quickly attend to nearby or related locations
- pre-cueing
53
what is covert attention
occurs when attention is shifted without moving the eyes
- seeing things with the corner of your eye
- contrast to over attention
54
scene schema definition
a person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene
55
what are saliency maps
map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in that scene
56
what is stimulus salience
bottom-up factors that determine attention to elements of a scene
- areas that stand out and capture attention
57
stimulus salience and top-down processing relationship
top-down does not contribute
58
what is overt attention
shifting of attention by moving the eyes
- contrast of covert attention
59
fixation definition
a pausing of the eyes on places o interest while observing a scene
60
what are saccadic eye movements
eye movements from one fixation point to another
61
fovea definition
objects in central vision falling on a small area
62
what is central vision
describes the center most region of the visual field
- main attention
63
what is peripheral vision
everything that surrounds the center of our visual field
64
true or false: scanning is necessary because good vision for detail occurs only when you are looking at something directly
true
65
what is attention according to william james
withdrawing from some things in order to effectively deal with others
66
what is the stroop effect
using a task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus such as color of ink that a word is printed in and ignore another aspect such as the color that the word names
67
who. originally studied the stroop effect
J.R. Stroop
68
what does the stroop effect refer to
the fact that people find this task difficult when the word red is printed blue
69
what is endogenous attention
attention is focused voluntarily on a stimulus in a sustained goal driven manner
70
what is exogenous attention
attention that is involuntarily directed toward a stimulus in a transient and fleeting manner
71
what is the load theory of attention
proposal that the ability to ignore task irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out
72
true or false: high load tasks result in less distraction
true
73
what did Lavie study
how people ignore distracting stimuli when trying to focus their attention
- processing capacity and perceptual load
74
high-load task definition
a task that uses most or all of a person's resources and so leaves little capacity to handle other tasks
75
low-load task definition
a task that uses few resources leaving some capacity to handle other tasks
76
what is perceptual load
related to the difficulty of a tasks
- low load = small amount of processing capacity
- high load = large amount of processing capacity
77
what is processing capacity
the amount of information input that a person can handle
- sets a limit on a person's ability to process information
78
what is late selection model of attention
a model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning
79
what is lexical priming
priming that involves the meaning of words
80
what is repetition priming
when an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person's response to the same stimulus when it is presented later
81
priming definition
a change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or similar stimulus
82
why is Treisman's and Broadbent's models called an early selection model
proposes a filter that operates at an early stage in the flow of information
83
what is the dictionary unit
- contains stored words and thresholds for activating the words
- helps to explain why we can somtimes hear a familiar word in an unattended message
84
what model does the dictionary unit belong to
a component of Treisman's attenuation model of attention
85
who created the attenuation model of attention
Treisman
86
what is the attenuation model of attention
proposes that selection occurs in two stages
87
is the attended message the only thing that gets through the attenuator
no the unattended does also but at a less intense way
88
what is the attenuator
analyzes incoming messages in terms of physcial characteristics, language, and meaning
89
what experiment did Gray and Wedderburn do
the Dear Aunt Jane experiment
90
what is the early selection model
model of attention that explains selective attention by early filtering out of the unattended message
91
true or false: In broadbent's early selection model the filtering step happens before the message is analyzed to determine it's meaning
true
92
what is the detector (broadbent model)
- processes information from the attended message to determine higher level characteristics of the message
93
what is the filter (broadbent model)
- identifies the message that is being attended to based on physical characteristics
94
what is the cocktail party effect
the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
95
what is shadowing
the procedure of repeating a message out loud as it is heard
96
when is shadowing commonly used
in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic listening procedure
97
dichotic listening definition
the procedure of presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear
98
what is the filter model of attention
proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli
99
visual scanning definition
movement of the eyes from one location or object to another
100
what is attentional capture
a rapid shifting of attention
- usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise
101
what is divided attention
the ability to pay attention to or carry out two or more different tasks simultaneously
102
what is selective attention
the ability to focus on one message and ignore all other
103
attention definition
focusing on specific features, objects, or locations or on certain thoughts or activities
104
what type of attention attends to one thing while ignoring others
selective attention
105
what type of attention is paying attention to more than one thing at a time
divided attention
106
conclusion to the Dichotic listening experiment
participants knew there was a message and the gender of the speaker
107
what created the early selection model
Broadbent's filter model
108
what created the intermediate selection model
Treisman's attenuation model
109
what created the late selection model
MacKay's study
110
what are the components of Broadbent's model
message - sensory memory - filter - detector - memory
111
what model filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning
Broadbent
112
true or false: only the attended message is passed in Broadbent model
true
113
what could broadbent's model not explain
the cocktail party effect
114
what model attended messages can be separated from unattended ones early
Treisman's attenuation model
115
what are the components of the Treisman attenuation model
message - attenuator - dictionary unit - memory
116
true or false: in the dictionary unit words that are common have a lower threshold and uncommon words have a higher threshold
true
117
what was MacKay's study
gave people a ambiguous sentence in the attended ear and in unattended ear they heard river or money
- biasing word
118
when testing the affects of pre-cueing is a lower value symbolizing a quicker or slower response
quicker
119
what is egly
we don't just fixate on random things in space
120
true or false: attention enhances neural responding
true
121
where is attentional processing distributed
across a large number of areas in the brain
122
what is shown from fMRI detecting cortical activity during a search task
distribution representation
123
what happens to attention when attention to an expanded direction of motion
brain activity increases in number of brain areas
124
what did Strayer and Johnston study
distractions
125
what were the results of Strayer and Johnstons driving simulation
that participants on their phones were more likely to miss more red lights and longer to break
- with hand held and hands free
126
what is location based attetnion
- moving attention from one place to another
- environmental
- static scenes or scenes with few objects
127
what is object based attention
- attention being directed to one place on an object
- specific object
- dynamic events
128
what happens when we don't attend
- location based and object based attention
- enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout the object
129
is binding top-down or bottom-up
bottom up
130
what did Treisman and Schmidt discover while experimenting feature integration theory
participants report a combination of features from different stimuli
131
why do illusionary conjunctions occur
because features are free floating
132
what are the characteristics of the focus attention stage
- attention is key
- features are combined
133
what happened when Treisman and Schmidt only had participants focus on objects
performance increased
- they could correctly pair the shapes and color
134
is the feature integration theory top down or bottom up
both
- mostly bottom up
- top down when processing what they are told what they would see
Cognitive psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
