Cognitive psychology > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

(70 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

knowledge definition

A

explicit awareness of obtained and mentally available information about the world and ourselves
- linked with perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

conceptual knowledge definition

A

enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

concept definition

A

mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

categorization definition

A

the process by which things are placed into groups called categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are categories useful

A
  • they help to understand individual cares not previously encountered
  • they are pointers to knowledge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does it mean for categories to be a pointer to knowledge

A
  • provide a wealth of general information about an item
  • allows us to identify the special characteristics of a particular item
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what determine category membership

A

whether objects meets the definition of the category
- does not work well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why does determining categories based on definition not work

A

not all members of everyday categories have the same defining features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is family resemblance

A

items in a category resemble one another in a number of ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

prototype definition

A

an average representation of the typical member of a category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the characteristics of a prototype

A
  • high family resemblance
  • statement verified rapid
  • named first
  • affected more by priming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rosch experiment and prototypical objects

A
  • category of birds people identified sparrows the best and bats the least
  • category of furniture people identified chair best and telephone least
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does high prototypicality mean

A

a category member closely resembles the category prototype
- a typical member

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does low prototypicality mean

A

a category member does not closely resemble the category prototype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what allows for rapid verification of prototypical objects

A

strong positive relationship between prototypicality and family resemblance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

true or false: items in a category that have a large amount of overlap have high family resemblance

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the typicality effect

A

prototypical objects are processed preferentially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

who studied typicality effect

A

Smith and Rosch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what were results of Smith (typicality effect)

A

highly prototypical objects are judged more rapidly
(we process things in order of how well they fit in the category)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what were results of Rosch (typicality effect)

A
  • prototypical objects are named more rapidly
  • prototypical category members are more affected by a priming stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

true or false: reaction time is faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

true or false: we can be primed to match the prototype quickly

A

true
- explained by rosch and that priming resulted in faster same judgements for prototypical colors than nonprototypical colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

naming definition

A

people are more likely to list some objects than others when asked to name objects in a category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

priming definiton

A

presentation of one stimulus affects responses a stimulus that follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the exemplar approach
concept is represented by multiple examples (rather than one prototype) - the examples are actual category members
26
how do you categorize in the exemplar approach
compare new items to stored examples
27
what is the advantage to exemplar approach
we don't discard information better for categories that have widely variable info
28
what is similar about prototype and exemplar approach
representing a category is not defining it
29
what is different about prototype and exemplar approach
- representation is not abstract - descriptions of specific examples
30
true or false: the more similar a specific exemplar is to a known category member the faster it will be categorized
true
31
how do exemplar explain the typicality effect better
- easily take into account atypical cases - exemplars easily deal with variable categories
32
what is considered when understanding how some people categorize
- properties of the objects - learning and experience of perceivers
32
when do we use exemplar approach
when dealing with smaller categories
33
when do we use prototype approach
when dealing with larger categories - best for learning
34
what is the hierarchical organization model
divides larger general categories into smaller more specific ones
35
what are the levels of the hierarchical organization model
global - basic - specific
36
Rosch and hierarchical organizational model
believes that the basic level is psychologically privileged
37
what happens when you go above the basic level of hierarchical organizational model (rosch)
large loss of information
38
what happens when you go below the basic level of hierarchical organizational model (rosch)
little gain of information
39
what is the network models of categorization
concepts are arranged in networks that represent the way concepts are organized in the mind
40
who studied network models of categorization and thoughts
collins and quillian - nodes = category - concepts are linked - model for how concepts and properties are associated in the mind
41
true or false: reaction time increases as levels of network model of categorization tranverse
true
42
what is cognitive economy
shared properities are only stored at higher level nodes
43
what is seen when going up in semantic networks
- traveling up the network causes more shared traits
44
what is seen when going down in semantic networks
exceptions are stored in lower nodes
45
what is spreading activation (semantic network)
- when a node is activated activity spreads out along all connected links
46
what is activation (semantic networks)
arousal level of a node
47
true or false: concepts that receive activation are primed and more easily accessed from memory
true - easier to retrieve because of the strength of the spreading activation
48
what is the lexical decision task
participants read stimuli and are asked to say as quickly as possible whether the items is a word or not
49
how studied lexical decision task
Meyer and schvaneveldt
50
Meyer and schvaneveldt experiment results
reaction time was faster for closely associated pairs (spread activation) - the information was coming from the same node
51
what is the criticism toward collins and quillian model
- can't explain the typicality effects - cognitive economy - some sentence verification results are problematic
52
what is the connectionist approach
- creating computer models for representing cognitive processes - parallel distributed processing - knowledge represented in the distributed activity of many units - weight determine at each connection how strongly an incoming signal will activate the next unit
53
what are the types of units in the parallel distributed processing network
inout: activated by stimulation from environment - hidden: receiver input from input unit - output: receive input from hidden unit
54
how does learning occur
- network responds to stimulus - provided with correct response - modifies responding to match correct response
55
what is the error signal
difference between actual activity of each output unit and the correct activity
56
what is back propagation
error signal transmitted back through the circuit
57
what does the back propagation indicate
- how weight should be changed to allow output signal to match the correct signal
58
when does the back propagation process end
process repeats until the error signal is zero
59
what is graceful degradation
performance disruption occurs gradually as parts of the system are damaged - network is not entirely disrupted
60
what does the process of graceful degradation explain
the generalization of learning - training system to recognize properties of one concept provides information about related ones
61
true or false: different brain areas may be specialize to process information about different categories
true - double dissociation for categories like living things and non living things (category specific memory impairment)
62
what is the sensory functional hypothesis
- living things go with sensory properties - artifacts go with functions
63
results of a category specific memory impairment experiment
participants with impaired memory were able to correctly name nonliving things but performed badly when asked to name living things
64
what were the results of Huth experiment (concepts in the brain)
- words that activated different places on the cortex (close up of a smaller area of cortex) - particular regions usually responded to several different words
65
what is distributed representation
how concepts are divided within a category - animal goes with motion and color - artifacts go with actions
66
what is crowding
when different concepts within a category share many properties
67
mirror neurons
cells that fire during task performance and observation
68
what is the embodied approach
knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object
69
what is semantic somatotopy
correspondence between words related to specific body parts and location of brain activation
Cognitive psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions