chapter 8

Question 1

what are the features of autobiographical memory

Answer 1

episodic, semantic, and multidimensional

Question 2

who studied the sensory part of autobiographical memory

Answer 2

Greenberg and Rubin

Question 3

what were the results of Greenberg and Rubin’s experiment

Answer 3

• patients who can’t recognize objects also experience loss of autobiographical memory
• visual experience plays a role in forming and retrieving AM

Question 4

who studied the multidimensional nature of autobiographical memory

Answer 4

Cabeza

Question 5

what were the results of Cabeza’s experiement

Answer 5

• that when looking at photos we took and photos taken of us we look for ourselves
• both types of photos activate the similar brain structures but our own photos activated other spots as well
• demonstrated the richness of autobiographical memories

Question 6

what areas of the brain did both our own photos and photos taken of us stimulate

Answer 6

medial temporal (episodic)
parietal cortex (processing scenes)

Question 7

what areas of the brain were more active when looking at our own photos

Answer 7

prefrontal cortex (info about self)
hippocampus (recollection)

Question 8

what causes us to remember events well

Answer 8

• significant event’s in a person’s life
• highly emotional events
• transition points

Question 9

what happened when asking people above 40 to think of events in their past

Answer 9

memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood

Question 10

what is the reminiscence bump

Answer 10

events experienced between 10 to 30 years of life
- peak recall

Question 11

what is the self image hypothesis of reminiscence bump

Answer 11

memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self image or life identity is being formed
- many transitions between 10-30

Question 12

what is the cognitive hypothesis of reminiscence bump

Answer 12

encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability

Question 13

what is the cultural life script hypothesis of reminiscence bump

Answer 13

each person has a life story and an understanding of culturally expected events
- personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script

Question 14

true or false: emotional events are easily and vividly remembered

Answer 14

true

Question 15

true or false: emotion improves memory, and becomes greater with time

Answer 15

true

Question 16

where in the brain does emotional memory is activated

Answer 16

amygdala

Question 17

what are flashbulb memories

Answer 17

memory for the circumstances surrounding shocking highly charged important events

Question 18

what type of memory is highly emotional, vivid and detailed

Answer 18

flashbulb memories

Question 19

true or false: flashbulb memories are a form of photographic memories

Answer 19

false
- those memories can still change with the passage of time

Question 20

what studied flashbulb memories

Answer 20

Neisser and Harsch, Talarico and Rubin

Question 21

what were the results of Neisser and Harsch, Talarico and Rubin experiment

Answer 21

details remembered decreased for both flashbulb and everyday memories but belief in accuracy and vividness also decreased with everyday memory but remained higher for flashbulb memories

Question 22

true or false: even though people believe to be accurate with flashbulb memories that can still be inaccurate or lacking detail

Answer 22

true

Question 23

what is the narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Answer 23

repeated viewing/hearing of an event could introduce memory errors

Question 24

what is memory comprised of

Answer 24

what actually happens, person’s knowledge, experience, and expectations

Question 25

what did Bartlett's war of the ghosts experiment show

Answer 25

- over time reproduction became shorter and contained omissions and inaccuracies - changed the story to make more consistent with their own culture

Question 26

is the constructive nature of memory top down or bottom up

Answer 26

top down

Question 27

what is source memory

Answer 27

process of determining origins of out memories

Question 28

what is source monitoring error

Answer 28

misidentifying source of memory - source misattributions

Question 29

what is cryptomnesia

Answer 29

unconscious plagiarism of another's work due to a lack of recognition of it's original source

Question 30

who studied source monitoring

Answer 30

Jacoby

Question 31

what were the results of Jacoby's experiment

Answer 31

that after 24 hours nonfamous and famous names were misidentified - this is because some nonfamous names were familiar and the participants misattributed the source of the familiarity

Question 32

what is the illusory truth effect

Answer 32

enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as true after repeated presentation

Question 33

when is illusory truth effect seen

Answer 33

occurs due to fluency or familiarity with the information - related to propaganda effect

Question 34

true or false: memory can be influenced by inferences that people make based on their experiences and knowledge

Answer 34

true

Question 35

what are pragmatic inferences

Answer 35

based on knowledge gained through experience - memory often includes info that is implied or is consistent with that remembered but was not explicitly stated

Question 36

what is schema

Answer 36

knowledge about some aspect of the environment

Question 37

what is script

Answer 37

conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience

Question 38

how do schema and script influence memory

Answer 38

- memory can include info not actually experienced but inferred because it is expected from schema

Question 39

what is the misinformation effect

Answer 39

misleading information presented after someone witnesses an event can change how that person later describes the event

Question 40

what is the misleading postevent information

Answer 40

the cause of the effect

Question 41

who studied the misinformation effect

Answer 41

Loftus

Question 42

what were the results of Loftus experiment (episodic)

Answer 42

slides showed a stop sign but the MPI yelled yield and the participants remember the yield when they actually saw stop

Question 43

what were the results of Loftus experiment (semantic)

Answer 43

participants when hearing the word smashed said that the cars were going much faster than when hearing the word hit

Question 44

what is source monitoring error

Answer 44

failure to distinguish the information source - MPI is misattributed to the original source

Question 45

who studied the source monitoring error

Answer 45

Lindsay

Question 46

true or false: suggestion can influence memory for childhood events

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what is infantile amnesia

Answer 47

inability to recall memories from infancy and early childhood

Question 48

what did Hyman study

Answer 48

childhood memories and how they can be changed

Question 49

what were the results of Hyman study

Answer 49

when participants were told added new events when discussed later participants "remembered" the new events as actually happening

Question 50

a survivors of child sexual abuse remember all or part of what happened to them is example of what

Answer 50

flashbulb memory

Question 51

in false memories is it possible to forget past events and create pseudo memories

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

Why Do People Make Errors in Eyewitness Testimony?

Answer 52

- Testimony by an eyewitness to a crime about what he or she saw - Jury members believe it to be among the most convincing types of evidence. - eyewitness recollections can be inaccurate due to memory’s constructive nature.

Question 53

who studied the errors of eyewitness testimony

Answer 53

Wells and Bradfield

Question 54

what were the results of Wells and Bradfields experiment

Answer 54

that participants were able to identify the gun man from photos after watching the video but the actual picture of the gun man was not present

Question 55

when do errors in eyewitness testimonies occur

Answer 55

due to attention and arousal - witness attention is focused on specific stimulus - weapons narrow attention

Question 56

what are strategies to Improve Eyewitness Testimony

Answer 56

- inform witness that the perpetrator might not be in lineup. - Use “fillers” in lineup similar to suspect. - Use sequential (not simultaneous) presentation. - use cognitive interview. (asking how they got to their answer)

Question 57

what is retrograde amnesia

Answer 57

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion.

Question 58

what is graded amnesia

Answer 58

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events

Question 59

what is CTE

Answer 59

associated with contact sports can increase the risk of this form of memory loss

Question 60

true or false: there is an inability to encode new information in LTM is consistent with anterograde amnesia

Answer 60

true - retrieval can still occur

Question 61

what is anterograde amnesia characterized by

Answer 61

inability to create new memories - think of H.M study

Question 62

what is dementia

Answer 62

- a broad term for several underlying conditions causing cognitive decline - cause deterioration of memory

Question 63

true or false: there is a general decline in LTM that is consistent with dementia

Answer 63

true - can't retrieve or encode info to ltm eventually

Question 64

what is highly superior autobiographical memory

Answer 64

Autobiographical memory capacity possessed by some people who can remember personal experiences that occurred on any specific day from their past.