Chapter 45 - Pharynx

Question 1

1. Pharynx is a ______ not supported by bone or cartilaginous matrix.

Answer 1

• musculomembranous tubular structure

Question 2

2. What are the roles of the pharynx?

Answer 2

• Breathing
• Deglutition
• vocalization

Question 3

3. The pharynx is composed of ____, ____, and ________ sections

Answer 3

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 4

4. How is the nasopharynx and oropharynx formed?

Answer 4

• Divided by the soft palate

Question 5

6. In respiration, what prevents communication between the oropharynx and nasopharynx?

Answer 5

• The caudal free margin of the soft palate contacting the subepiglottic tissue at the base of the larynx

Question 6

5. The nasopharynx is _______. The oropharynx is ________

Answer 6

• dorsal to the soft palate
• ventral to the soft palate

Question 7

7. T/F: The nasopharynx is directly supported by cartilage, but not bone.

Answer 7

• False, the nasopharynx not directly supported by either cartilage or bone

Question 8

8. What structures is the pharynx attached to? (6)

Answer 8

• Pterygoid bone
• Palatine bone
• Hyoid bone
• Laryngeal cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Thyroid cartilage

Question 9

9. How does the pharynx change in diameter?

Answer 9

• Via muscular contraction

Question 10

10. What muscles alter the size and configuration of the nasopharynx and oropharynx?

Answer 10

• The muscles that move the tongue
• The muscles that insert on the hyoid apparatus
• The muscles that insert on the larynx
• Muscles that regulate the soft palate position

Question 11

11. Ventral displacement of the basihyoid increases nasopharyngeal size and stability by ______ or ________

Answer 11

• increasing the diameter of the nasopharynx
• decreasing the compliance of the nasopharynx

Question 12

12. Intrinsic pharyngeal muscles include those of soft palate and nasopharynx, insert on ______________

Answer 12

• the mucosa or the confined walls and roof of the nasopharynx

Question 13

13. Extrinsic muscles include those of the larynx and hyoid apparatus, which affect position of ______ and _______ and morphology of _______ by changes to the oropharynx.

Answer 13

• basihyoid bone
• larynx
• nasopharynx

Question 14

14. Intrinsic muscles of the pharynx contributes to stability of nasopharynx by timely muscular contractions that _______ and _________ the pharyngeal walls

Answer 14

• Tense
• dilate the pharyngeal walls

Question 14

15. The soft palate consists of oral mucous membranes that contains what structures?

Answer 14

• Palatine glands and their ductile openings
• Palatine aponeurosis
• Palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles
• Nasopharyngeal mucous membrane

Question 15

16. The palatine aponeurosis is formed by expansion of the tendon of the _____________ muscle

Answer 15

• Tensor veli palatini

Question 16

17. How is the palatopharyngeal arch formed?

Answer 16

• The caudal free margins of the soft palate continue dorsad on either side of the larynx, forming the lateral pillars of the arch
• The muscle fibers of the palatinus muscle course beneath the nasopharyngeal mucosa and along the pillars of the soft palate, meeting dorsally and forming the palatopharyngeal arch.

Question 17

18. The position of the soft palate is partially determined by what four muscles?

Answer 17

• Tensor veli palatini muscle
• Levator veli palatini muscle
• Palatinus muscle
• Palatopharyngeus muscle

Question 18

19. Tensor veli palatini muscle is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 18

• Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Question 19

20. The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X) innervates what muscles?

Answer 19

• Levator veli palatini
• Palatinus
• palatopharyngeus

Question 20

21. What is the MOA of the levator veli palatini muscle?

Answer 20

• It elevates the soft palate during swallowing, closes the nasopharynx, and facilitates oral ventilation in nonobligate nasal breathers

Question 21

22. Which muscles shorten the soft palate and depress it towards the tongue?

Answer 21

• The palatinus
• The palatopharyngeus

Question 22

23. What is the MOA of the tensor veli palatini muscle?

Answer 22

• It retracts the soft palate away from the dorsal pharyngeal wall, expanding the nasopharynx and slightly depressing it ventrad during inspiration

Question 23

24. What are the intrinsic muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 23

• Tensor veli palatini
• Levator veli palatini
• Palatinus
• Palatopharyngeus
• Stylopharyngeus (rostral and caudal)

Question 24

25. What is the MOA of the rostral stylopharyngeus?

Answer 24

- It is a pharyngeal constrictor

Question 25

26. What is the MOA of the caudal stylopharyngeus?

Answer 25

- It is a pharyngeal dilator

Question 26

27. What innervates the caudal stylopharyngeus?

Answer 26

- The glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 27

28. The blood supply to the soft palate derives from _______ and ______ with venous drainage is by accompanying veins.

Answer 27

- linguofascial trunk - maxillary artery

Question 28

29. The lymph vessels of the soft palate drain toward _____________

Answer 28

- the retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Question 29

30. Afferent innervation of the soft palate derives from branches of the ________, ________, and ______ nerves

Answer 29

- Trigeminal (CN V) - Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - Vagus (CN X)

Question 30

31. What stimuli do afferent innervation in the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx (and soft palate), respond to?

Answer 30

- Pressure receptors - Mechanical receptors - Temperature receptors

Question 31

32. How do extrinsic muscles contribute to respiratory patency of the nasopharynx?

Answer 31

- By indirectly increasing its diameter through change in size of the oropharynx or position of the larynx

Question 32

33. Interference with extrinsic muscles results in __________ in exercise.

Answer 32

- Dorsal Displacement of the soft palate

Question 33

34. What are the extrinsic muscles of the pharynx? (8)

Answer 33

- Geniohyoideus - Thyrohyoideus - Genioglossus - Hyoglossus - Hyoepiglotticus - Styloglossus - Sternohyoideus - Sternothyroideus

Question 34

35. What is the MOA of the genioglossus muscle?

Answer 34

- Protracts the tongue and pulls the basihyoid bone rostrally

Question 35

36. What action mimics the genioglossus muscle to help in DDSP?

Answer 35

- The tongue tie

Question 36

37. Contraction of muscles inserting on the hyoid arch (increase/decrease) upper airway size and stability by (increasing/decreasing) diameter and stiffness of nasopharynx.

Answer 36

- Increase - Increasing

Question 37

38. What is the MOA of the geniohyoideus?

Answer 37

- It draws the hyoid apparatus rostrally and protrudes the tongue

Question 38

39. What is the MOA of the styloglossus?

Answer 38

- Retraction of the tongue

Question 39

40. What is the MOA of the hyoglossus muscle?

Answer 39

- To retract and depress the base of the tongue

Question 40

41. What are the rostrohyoid muscles exerting rostral forces on hyoid apparatus

Answer 40

- Geniohyoideus - Thyrohyoideus - Genioglossus - Hyoglossus - Hyoepiglotticus - Styloglossus

Question 41

42. What are the caudohyoid muscles?

Answer 41

- Sternohyoideus - Sternothyroideus

Question 42

43. Where do the sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus originate? Where do they extend?

Answer 42

- Originate on the sternal manubrium - Extend cranially

Question 43

44. The sternothyroideus muscle inserts on ________

Answer 43

- the caudolateral aspect of the thyroid cartilage

Question 44

45. The sternohyoideus muscle inserts on ________ and _________

Answer 44

- the basihyoid bone - lingual process of the hyoid apparatus

Question 45

46. What is the MOA of the sternothyroideus/hyoideus muscles?

Answer 45

- Causes caudal traction on the hyoid apparatus and larynx

Question 46

47. What is MOA of hyoepiglotticus?

Answer 46

- Pulls the epiglottis ventrad toward the base of the tongue, thereby increasing the ventral dimension of the rima glottidis

Question 47

48. What is the only muscle that inserts on the epiglottis?

Answer 47

- The hyoepiglotticus

Question 48

49. What is the mechanism of the thyrohyoideus muscle?

Answer 48

- Enhance soft palate stability during exercise by moving the larynx

Question 49

50. The hypoglossal branch innervates what muscles? (5)

Answer 49

- Geniohyoideus - Genioglossus - Styloglossus - Hyoglossus - Hyoepiglotticus

Question 50

51. The sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles have motor innervation from what nerve(s)?

Answer 50

- The 1st and 2nd cervical nerves

Question 51

52. What are some nerves proposed to innervate the thyrohyoideus muscle?

Answer 51

- Pharyngeal branch of the vagus - Thyrohyoid branch of the hypoglossal nerve

Question 52

53. Arterial blood supply to pharynx is by the ______ and ______ arteries and the _______ with venous drainage by accompanying veins

Answer 52

- Common carotid - External carotid - linguofacial trunk

Question 53

54. Lymph vessels drain the pharynx to the ________ and ________ lymph nodes

Answer 53

- Retropharyngeal - cranial cervical lymph nodes

Question 54

55. What provides sensory innervation to the nasopharyngeal mucosa? (3)

Answer 54

- Trigeminal - Vagus - Glossopharyngeal