PSYCH 1200 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

define consciousness.

A

the awareness of oneself & the environment

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2
Q

define biological rhythms.

A

periodic, more or less regular fluctuations in a biological system, often w/ psych implications

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3
Q

define endogenous.

A

internal (eg endogenous cues)

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4
Q

define circadian rhythms.

A

biological rhythms w/ a 24-hr periodicity (eg sleep, body temp)

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5
Q

define entrainment

A

the synchronization between biological rhythms & external cues

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6
Q

define zeitgebersy.

A

extternal cues

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7
Q

define light entrainment.

A

the way that we get sleepier as it gets darker; slowly changing levels of background illumination detected by specialized ganglion cells in the retina cause melatonin release, leading to the onset of sleep

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8
Q

define the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

A

aka SCN; situated above the optic chasm & receives light info, innervates the pineal gland to release melatonin

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9
Q

define jet lag

A

exhaustion due to long, rapid travel; harder to go west-east than east-west

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10
Q

how long can it take for temperature & hormone cycles to adjust when our routine is changed?

A

days

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11
Q

define seasonal affective disorder.

A

aka SAD; depression during particular seasons, usually in winter; can cause sadness, lethargy, drowsiness, craving for carbs

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12
Q

define beta waves.

A

active, fast waves that occur in our brain when awake; lots of neurons constantly firing, even if we’re not doing anything

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13
Q

define alpha waves.

A

not very different from beta waves; during stage 1 of non-REM sleep

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14
Q

define stage 1 of non-REM sleep.

A

experience alpha waves; calming down, starting to get tired, still very easy to wake up

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15
Q

define stage 2 of non-REM sleep.

A

experience theta waves; slowing down, calmer & brain has less activity; experience sleep spindles & K-complexes

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16
Q

define sleep spindles.

A

quick aggressive jumps in brain wave activity

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17
Q

define K-complexes.

A

very big dips in brain activity that appear on the EEG

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18
Q

define stage 3 of non-REM sleep.

A

experience delta waves & brain activity slows down a lot; “deep sleep” & the hardest time to wake somebody up; one of the most important parts of sleep

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19
Q

define delta waves.

A

very big waves; brain is slowing down lotsa

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20
Q

define REM sleep.

A

stage 4 of sleep; very similar waves to alpha & beta, & our brain appears to be awake even though we are deeply asleep; rapid eye movement

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21
Q

why do our muscles become “paralyzed” during REM sleep?

A

body wants to move during active dreaming, but it’s important for muscle recovery that we stay still

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22
Q

define sleep paralysis.

A

a weird stage between REM sleep, being awake, & stage 1; lots of confusion b/c you start to wake up, but your body is still in the inhibited REM stage; may hallucinate things coming aggressively at you

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23
Q

true or false: the REM sleep stage increases later in the night.

A

true; earlier in the night, stage 3 is longer

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24
Q

define the restore & repair hypothesis.

A

the theory that we sleep b/c our body needs to restore energy levels & repair any wear & tear experienced during the day

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25
define the preserve & protect hypothesis.
the theory that two or more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy & protecting the organism from harm
26
true or false: there is no magic number for sleep.
true; the amount of sleep needed depends on the person & their age & genetics (though sleep IS very important for development)
27
define microsleeps.
involuntary, brief periods of sleep lasting a few seconds to a minute, often due to sleep deprivation
28
define onset insomnia.
difficulty falling asleep
29
define maintenance insomnia.
difficulty returning to sleep
30
define terminal insomnia.
waking up too early
31
define primary insomnia.
insomnia due to an internal source (eg worrying)
32
define secondary insomnia.
insomnia as a result of other disorders
33
define restless legs syndrome.
persistent discomfort in the legs while sleeping & the urge to continuously shift them into different positions
34
define REM behavior disorder.
when someone acts out their dreams due to failure to inhibit motor signals, specifically during REM sleep
35
define somnambulism.
a disorder that involves wandering & performing other activities while asleep at any point in the sleep cycle; aka sleepwalking
36
define sleep apnea.
a temporary inability to breathe during sleep as the airway becomes obstructed; due to obesity or damaged medulla; not able to get into REM or deep sleep b/c of interruptions in breathing, so wake up exhausted
37
define narcolepsy.
extreme daytime sleepiness & even sleep attacks; immediately into REM sleep
38
define consolidation.
when stored short-term/working memories are transferred into long term memories; occurs during sleep
39
what does REM sleep facilitate?
learning, especially for complex tasks
40
why do babies & children get the highest amount of REM sleep?
b/c of all the neural connections that are being formed & strengthened
41
define neural replay.
playback in which the pattern of neural activity that occurred while awake is repeated during sleep
42
true or false: you will likely not remember the last thing you read before falling asleep.
false; it will be more easily remembered
43
what are some ways to improve sleep?
- avoid caffeine, nicotine alcohol, & other drugs 4-6 hours before bedtime - make bedroom conducive to sleep - regular exercise - avoid long daytime naps & maintain consistent sleep schedule
44
define cognitive behavioral therapy.
a way to treat insomnia that involves identifying the connection between thoughts, feelings, & behaviors, then challenging negative or irrational thoughts by replacing them w/ more realistic or positive ones
45
define manifest content.
the images & storylines we dream about
46
define latent content.
the symbolic meaning of the dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges
47
define the problem-focused approach to dreams.
the theory that symbols & meanings in a dream convey its true meaning & that dreams can therefore be used to find solutions to our waking concerns
48
define the cognitive approach to dreaming.
the theory that dreams draw on random memories, objects, people, & events, which are reinterpreted during REM sleep b/c our brain has no sensory input to process
49
define the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.
the theory that dreams occur when the cortex tries to interpret spontaneous neural firing initiated int he pons; lots of random stimuli; does not explains story-like dreams or non-REM dreams
50
define lucid dreaming.
the idea that when you're dreaming, you can stay asleep & recognize that you're dreaming, & be able to control your dreams
51
define hypnosis.
a procedure in which the practitioner suggests changed in a subject's sensations, thoughts, feelings, & behavior; attempts to incite/inhibit actions
52
true or false: a hypnosis is successful based on how good the hypnotist is at hypnotizing.
false; depends on how willing the subject is to be hypnotized; won't work on very skeptical/unwilling subjects
53
true or false: you can make someone do anything when they are hypnotized.
false; can't make them do anything against their moral values or standards, though they can still do silly or embarrassing things
54
true or false: hypnosis encourages a better memory.
false; instead, it can cause errors in memory & opens the door for implanted memories
55
true or false: someone who can't cartwheel in real life could cartwheel when hynpotized.
false; anything performed under hypnosis could be performed just as well by someone who is motivated to do it
56
define dissociation.
a split in consciousness
57
define a hidden observer.
a part of the consciousness that watches but does not participate when being hypnotized (the part that would usually tell your body what to do)
58
define the sociocognitive explanation of hypnosis.
regards hypnosis as a product of normal social & cognitive processes; a combo of the hypnotized person's expectations & beliefs, & their desire to comply w/ the hypnotists' suggestions; sees hypnosis as a form of roll-playing
59
define the biological theories of hypnosis.
the idea that alpha waves are common when someone is in a relaxed, hypnotic state, & hypnosis involves changes int he control of attention, the central executive network of the brain; proves that hypnosis can reduce conflict between two mental tasks (eg the Stroop effect)
60
define the Glasgow coma scale.
a scale of consciousness that works by adding the scores of different types of responses
61
define brain death.
a condition where the brain stem doesn't function; no potential for recovery
62
define coma.
a complete loss of consciousness; body is still aside from minor twitches, & there is no pupillary response
63
define vegetative state.
a state of minimal to no consciousness; eyes are open, but don't track movement; best hope for recovery is before 6 months; some subjects show signs of consciousness in fMRIs, & could be misdiagnosed
64
define minimally conscious state.
the ability to show some behavior that suggests partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis; beyond basic reflexes
65
define locked-in syndrome.
patient is aware & awake, but can't move & appears to be unconscious; cognitive & emotional processing are still intact
66
what do drugs do?
alter our state of consciousness; affect neurotransmitter activity through various agnostic & antagonistic effects
67
define nucleus accumbens.
the prime area of activation when a person engages in rewarding behavior, where dopamine is released; the center of addiction
68
true or false: addicts may have an underactive nucleus accumbens.
false; it could be overactive
69
define tolernace.
when the repeated use of a drug results in the need for a higher dose to get the desired effect
70
define metabolic & cellular tolerance.
when the body gets better at knowing when we get the drug & how to break it down
71
define down regulation of receptors.
if you use the same drug over & over, receptors on the neurons receiving the altered neurotransmitters won't work as well in uptake, & the drug will not have as much of an effect
72
define physical dependence.
the need to take a drug to ward off negative emotions (no physical symptoms); a negative coping strategy
73
define anticipatory drug response.
a kind of classical conditioning in which routine drug use in the same environment causes the body to automatically prepare to deal w/ it; can make taking drugs in new environments more dangerous b/c the body is unprepared
74
true or false: the first time taking a drug is the most dangerous time.
true; the body has no idea how to deal w/ it; as you take it more often, your body gets better at breaking down & removing it
75
define stimulants.
enhance wakefulness & alertness; speed up nervous system; tolerance develops quickly & there is a high risk of dependence; experience physical & cognitive deterioration; eg cocaine & ecstasy
76
define sedatives.
aka downers; depress central nervous system activity; increase GABA activity; tolerance develops quickly & there is a high risk of dependence; eg xanax & valium
77
which is more prescribed: barbiturates or benzodiazepines?
benzodiazepines, b/c it have less side effects
78
define hallucinogens.
produce perceptual distortions; experiences range from euphoria to paranoia; tolerance develops slowly & there is a low risk of dependence; eg LSD & ketamine
79
define opiates.
aka narcotics; reduce pain & induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria; tolerance develops very quickly & there is a very high risk of dependence; eg morphine & heroin
80
define alcohol.
the most commonly used drug; caused euphoria, relaxation, & lowered inhibition; increases GABA & stimulates endorphin & dopamine receptors; tolerance develops gradually & there is a moderate-high risk of dependence
81
define the biphasic effect.
the way that alcohol starts off making you feel really good, but after more drinks you feel totally crappy
82
define marijuana.
impairs memory & executive functioning, motor coordination, & coginitive abilities
83
define the think drink effect.
the expectation of a drug's effect can produce some of the effects that drugs & alcohol do; like placebo
PSYCH 1200
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