Chapter 8 - Everyday Memory and Memory Errors Flashcards

Question

-Bartlett’s “war of the ghosts” experiment

Answer 1

- had participants attempt to remember a story from a different culture - repeated reproduction - results: - over time, reproduction became shorter, contained omissions and inaccuracies - changed to make the story more consistent with their own culture

Answer 2

- For example: Most of people experienced that you meet someone you think you met before but not recollect where or when you met him/her - Remember/know judgments reflect the fact that you can give access to the current states of your own memory. Note that it is not the type of information that makes a difference. Rather, it is the presence or absence of conscious awareness of aspects of the prior experience that are important

Answer 3

- The expected result is that there will be a large levels of processing effect for the remember judgments, but no levels of processing effect (or even a slight reverse) for the know judgments - Explanation - One explanation is that remember judgments depend on the episodic memory system whereas know judgments are not; rather, they are possibly based on a procedural memory system. An alternate explanation is that remember judgements may depend more on recollective processes whereas know judgements are based more on familiarity.

Answer 4

- after 24 hours, some non-famous names were misidentified as famous - Explanation: some non-famous names were familiar, and the participants misattributed the source of the familiarly - failed to identify the source as the list that had been read the previous day - people felt familiar with the non-famous names that they had learned. But they did not tell the source. So they decided that the familiarly was caused by fame

Answer 5

the enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation

Answer 6

the ease with which a statement can be remembered

Answer 7

-memory can be influenced by inferences that people make based on their experiences and knowledge

Answer 8

occurs when reading a sentence and leads to a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or implied in the sentence based on knowledge gained through experiences -memory often includes information that is implied by or is consistent with the to-be-remembered information but was not explicitly stated

Answer 9

affect judgements as well in the truth effect

Answer 10

participants tried to remember a story after longer and longer intervals after they had first read it. the longer the gap, the less accurate their reproduction was

Answer 11

a persons knowledge about some aspect of the environment

Answer 12

conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience - can influence memory based on what we would expect to happen in those settings / situations - going to a restaurant; playing tennis, ordering coffee

Answer 13

showed that participants added some actions that were not mentioned when they read a passage. For example, check in with receptionist in the dentist office - Schemas and scripts influence memory - memory can include information not actually experienced but inferred because it is expected and consistent with the schema - office waiting room: books not present but mentioned in memory tasks - the constructive nature of memory can lead to errors or “false memories”

Answer 14

Explanation - The idea is that many of the words presented are related to the distractor, and most likely you thought about the distractor item as the words were being shown. - At test, you have a memory of thinking about the word, but thought this was because it was presented rather than realizing you had just thought about the word. - How robust is this effect? Are there limits to this effect? - The effect is quite robust and perhaps most surprisingly, it works well even when subjects know what the experiment is about.

Answer 15

false memories arise from the same constructive process that produces true memories, thus, memory errors are created this helps us to fill in the blanks using the information we have on hand

Answer 16

misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later

Answer 17

misleading post-event information (MPI)

Answer 18

* Post event questions * Introduce MPI: yield sign instead of the stop sign (Did another car pass the red car while it was stopped at the yield sign) (Source monitoring error) * Not introduce MPI: did another car pass the red car while it was stopped at the stop sign * Hear “smashed” or “hit” in description of car accident * Those hearing “smashed” said the cars were going much faster than those who heard “hit”

Answer 19

- more recent learning with memory for something in the past - Original memory trace is not replaced

Answer 20

- failure to distinguish the source of the information | - MPI is misattributed to the original source

Answer 21

- heard a story; tow days later again with some details changed - told to ignore changes - some voice for both stories created source monitoring errors - changing voice (female to male) did not create as many errors

Answer 22

* Participant had conversation about experiences with experimenter (true events); experimenter added new events (false events, attending a wedding reception) * For the first time, participants said “no clue” about the new events. * When discussing it 2 days later, participant remembered the new events as actually happening * So it is another experiment of source monitoring error. * Participants felt familiar to the false event in the second time, so they accepted it as having actually happened. * Similar to another experiment we mentioned! What is that?? Lindsay et al. (2004) • Reported that participants who were given the narrative of the false event together with a true old photograph recalled more false memories than participants who were not given the pictures.

Answer 23

- testimony by an eyewitness to a crime about what he or she say during a crime - one of the most convincing types of evidence to a jury - assume that people see and remember accurately - but, like other memory, eyewitness testimony can be inaccurate - mistaken identity - constructive nature of memory

Answer 24

* Participants view security videotape with gunman in view for 8 seconds * Everyone identified someone as the gunman from photographs afterwards * The actual gunman’s picture was not presented

Answer 25

memories that have been pushed out of the person's consciousness

Answer 26

- attention can be narrowed by specific stimuli | - weapons focus

Answer 27

- source monitoring - seeing someone the same day but at a different location, looks like someone you've met before etc but it is not the perp

Answer 28

- Suggestive questioning - when identifying the perpetrator of a crime from a lineup, the officer said “which of these men did it?” Implying that the perpetrator was in the lineup - Confirming feedback - after recognition the officer said “OK” implying the pick was correct

Answer 29

may be increased by post event questioning -may make memories easier to retrieve

Answer 30

- inform witness perpetrator may not be in the lineup - Use “filters” in lineup similar to suspect - rate confidence immediately when viewing lineups - use blind lineup admin, someone (like the officer) does not know if the the suspected perp is in the lineup either - use sequential prevention (not simultaneous) - Improve interviewing techniques - cognitive interview

Answer 31

increase in confidence due to confirming feedback about an identification

Answer 32

involves letting the witness talk with a minimum of interruption and also uses techniques to help them recreate the situation present at the time and scene of the crime, emotions, where they were looking etc. decreases the likelihood of any suggestions during the process since only the witness speaks

Answer 33

-use of social pressure and provided instructions for a guided imagery procedure for visualising the crime, meaning they eventually believed that they had actually committed the crime all interrogations must be recorded because of things like this

Answer 34

memories elicited by listening to music typically referred to as involuntary memories highly emotional responses

Answer 35

how taste and olfactation unlocked memories he had not thought of for years

Chapter 8 - Everyday Memory and Memory Errors Flashcards

(59 cards)