Chapter 9 & 10

Question 1

Washington set important examples for all future presidents (Setting Presidential Precedents:)

Answer 1

such as serving only two terms and avoiding the appearance of monarchy.

His decision to step down after two terms helped shape the peaceful transfer of power tradition in America.

simple title “Mr. President
” showing that leadership in a republic should remain humble and accountable.

Question 2

Washington created a Cabinet to advise him on national issues.

Answer 2

Members included Alexander Hamilton (Treasury) and Thomas Jefferson (State)

Question 3

What problems between Hamilton and Jefferson create

Answer 3

These differences led to the creation of the first political parties. FEDERALIST V ANTI-FEDERALIST

Question 4

Federalists (Hamilton):

Answer 4

mainly manufacturing
supported a strong national government

Question 5

Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson and Madison):

Answer 5

mainly agriculture
favored states rights

Question 6

How did this affect newspapers and in the public

Answer 6

Political divisions deepened as newspapers and leaders took sides

Question 7

Judiciary Act of 1789:

Answer 7

Created the federal court system, including the Supreme Court and lower federal courts.
Allowed federal courts to review some state court decisions to ensure consistent law across the nation

Question 8

Hamilton’s Financial Plan:

Answer 8

Aimed to build national credit and strengthen the economy.

Called for the federal government to take on state debts, create a National Bank, and use tariffs to encourage manufacturing
To gain southern support, the nation’s capital was moved to Washington, D.C.

Question 9

Whiskey Rebellion (1794): where

Answer 9

Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested a federal tax on whiskey.

Washington led troops to stop the rebellion, proving the new government’s strength and authority under the Constitution.

Question 10

George Washington: Domestic and Foreign Policies 6

Answer 10

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
French Revolution (1789–1799)
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
Farewell Address (1796)

Question 11

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794):

Answer 11

U.S. troops led by General Anthony Wayne defeated Native American forces resisting westward expansion in the Northwest Territory.

Question 12

Treaty of Greenville (1795):

Answer 12

Ended Native resistance in the region and opened most of Ohio to U.S. settlement.

Question 13

Neutrality Proclamation (1793):

Answer 13

Declared that the United States would remain neutral in wars between France and Britain.
Set a long-term policy of avoiding European conflicts.

Question 14

French Revolution (1789–1799):

Answer 14

Divided Americans—Federalists opposed the revolution’s violence while Democratic-Republicans supported its call for liberty.

Increased tensions between the two parties.

Question 15

Jay’s Treaty (1794):

Answer 15

Resolved disputes with Britain left from the Revolutionary War.

Britain agreed to leave forts in U.S. territory but continued to interfere with American trade.

Many Americans felt it favored Britain too much.

Question 16

Farewell Address (1796):

Answer 16

Washington warned against political parties, sectional divisions, and permanent alliances with other nations.

Urged unity and independence in foreign policy.

Question 17

John Adams: Challenges Abroad

Answer 17

XYZ Affair (1797–1798):
Quasi-War with France (1798–1800):
Convention of 1800
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804):

Question 18

XYZ Affair (1797–1798):

Answer 18

French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats before negotiating.

Angered Americans and led to anti-French feelings.

Question 19

Quasi-War with France (1798–1800):

Answer 19

Undeclared naval war in the Caribbean between U.S. and French ships.

Helped strengthen the U.S. Navy but increased political tension at home.

Question 20

Convention of 1800:

Answer 20

Ended hostilities between the U.S. and France.
Adams avoided a full war, showing his commitment to peace despite losing political support.

Question 21

Haitian Revolution (1791–1804):

Answer 21

Enslaved people in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, overthrew French rule.

The success of the revolution alarmed American slaveholders but encouraged ideals of freedom.

Contributed to France’s decision to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

Question 22

John Adams: Political Conflict at Home

Answer 22

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798–1799):
Midnight Appointments (1801):
John Marshall’s Role:

Question 23

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):

Answer 23

Federalist laws that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and punished people who criticized the government.

Viewed as an abuse of power and violation of free speech.

Question 24

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798–1799):

Answer 24

Written by Jefferson and Madison to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Introduced the idea that states could ignore (nullify) unconstitutional federal laws.

Started an ongoing debate about states’ rights versus federal power.

Question 25

Midnight Appointments (1801):

Answer 25

Adams filled new judicial positions with Federalist judges before leaving office to keep party influence in government. One of these appointments led to the Marbury v. Madison case.

Question 26

John Marshall’s Role:

Answer 26

As Chief Justice, Marshall expanded the power of the Supreme Court and federal government through strong court decisions.

Question 27

Thomas Jefferson: Early Presidency and Expansion

Answer 27

Election of 1800 (“Revolution of 1800” Agrarian Republicanism: Louisiana Purchase (1803): Sacajawea

Question 28

Election of 1800 (“Revolution of 1800”)

Answer 28

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans. Proved that political conflict could be resolved through elections, not violence.

Question 29

Agrarian Republicanism:

Answer 29

Jefferson’s belief that independent farmers were the backbone of democracy and liberty. Favored limited government and simple living.

Question 30

Louisiana Purchase (1803):

Answer 30

Doubled U.S. territory by buying land from France for $15 million. Gave control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans to the U.S. Raised questions about whether the Constitution allowed the president to make such a purchase.

Question 31

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806):

Answer 31

Sent to explore the new territory, map routes, and strengthen U.S. claims to the West. Gathered valuable information about geography, plants, animals, and Native tribes.

Question 32

Sacajawea:

Answer 32

A Shoshone woman who guided and interpreted for Lewis and Clark. Helped the expedition succeed and symbolized cooperation between cultures.

Question 33

Thomas Jefferson: Domestic Challenges and Judicial Legacy

Answer 33

Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) Barbary Wars (1801–1805) Marbury v. Madison (1803) Embargo Act (1807)

Question 34

Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800): where

Answer 34

Planned slave uprising in Virginia led by enslaved blacksmith Gabriel Prosser. Stopped before it happened, but revealed growing tensions over slavery and liberty.

Question 35

Barbary Wars (1801–1805):

Answer 35

North African pirates demanded tribute from American ships. Jefferson refused to pay and sent the Navy, showing U.S. strength in defending trade.

Question 36

Marbury v. Madison (1803):

Answer 36

Established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to strike down unconstitutional laws. Strengthened the federal judiciary’s role.

Question 37

Embargo Act (1807):

Answer 37

Stopped all American trade with foreign nations to avoid war with Britain and France. Backfired and hurt the U.S. economy, especially in New England.

Question 38

James Madison: War and Nationalism

Answer 38

Tecumseh and the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) Causes of the War of 1812 Key Events of the War Battle of New Orleans (1815 Treaty of Ghent (1814) Hartford Convention (1814)

Question 39

Tecumseh and the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811):

Answer 39

Native leader Tecumseh tried to unite tribes against U.S. expansion. Defeated by General William Henry Harrison, weakening Native resistance.

Question 40

Causes of the War of 1812:

Answer 40

British impressment (forcing American sailors into service). British support for Native resistance in the Northwest Territory. War Hawks in Congress wanted to defend U.S. honor and possibly gain land in Canada.

Question 41

Key Events of the War:

Answer 41

British burned Washington, D.C. (1814). Defense of Fort McHenry inspired “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Question 42

Battle of New Orleans (1815):

Answer 42

Andrew Jackson became a national hero after a major victory fought after the peace treaty was signed

Question 43

Treaty of Ghent (1814):

Answer 43

Ended the war with no territory changes but restored peace. Boosted American pride and nationalism.

Question 44

Hartford Convention (1814):

Answer 44

Meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the war and discussed limiting federal power. The party lost support after the war’s success and eventually disappeared.

Question 45

Era of Good Feelings (1817–1825):

Answer 45

Time of national unity after the War of 1812, with only one main political party. Economic growth and westward expansion created optimism but also masked rising sectional tensions.

Question 46

Missouri Compromise (1820):

Answer 46

Settled dispute over the spread of slavery in new territories. Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was banned north of 36°30′ latitude. Temporarily reduced conflict between North and South.

Question 47

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819):

Answer 47

Spain gave Florida to the U.S. in exchange for U.S. claims to Texas. Strengthened American control of the Southeast.

Question 48

Monroe Doctrine (1823):

Answer 48

Declared that European nations could no longer establish colonies in the Americas. Warned that any attempt to interfere in the Western Hemisphere would be seen as a threat to the U.S. Became a long-term foundation of American foreign policy.

Question 49

Election of 1824 and the “Corrupt Bargain”: quincy and jackson

Answer 49

No candidate won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams made a secret deal with Henry Clay. The controversy split the Democratic-Republican Party and led to the rise of Jacksonian Democracy.