Biology > chapter six part two > Flashcards

chapter six part two Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

how do ribosomes know where to go?

A

free/bound depending on mRNA it translates

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2
Q

what cells are mitochondrion present in

A

nearly all eukaryotes

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3
Q

components of mitochondria

A
  1. cellular respiration
  2. intermembrane space
  3. matrix
  4. cristae
  5. DNA
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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, and fuels
- everything behind glycolysis (cytosol) occurs in mito.

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5
Q

intermembrane space

A

narrow region between inner/outer membrane

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6
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

enclosed by inner membrane
- different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes
- Krebs cycle

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7
Q

membrane of mitochondira

A

phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

cristae of mitochondria

A

inholdings on inner membrane (rough/convoluted)
- increased surface area for electron transport chains and ATP synthesis

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9
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

circular double-stranded DNA

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10
Q

where are chloroplasts found

A

plants/some algae (protists)
- site of photosynthesis (sunlight to chemical energy)

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11
Q

components of chloroplast

A
  1. stroma
  2. thylakoid space
  3. thylakoid membranes
  4. geranium
  5. amyloplasts
  6. chromoplasts
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12
Q

stroma

A

fluid outside thylakoids
- contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, enzymes

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13
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment in chloroplasts

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14
Q

thylakoid space

A

the space within a thylakoid

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15
Q

thylakoid membranes

A

membrane system in form of flattened/interconnected sacs

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16
Q

granum

A

stacks of thylakoids

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17
Q

light photosynthetic reactions

A
  • take place when there is light
  • in thylakoid membranes
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18
Q

dark photosynthetic reactions

A
  • just need products from light photosynthesis
  • in stroma
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19
Q

amyloplasts

A

colorless organelle that store starch (amylose) in roots/tubes

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20
Q

chromoplasts

A

contains pigments that give fruit/flowers colored hues

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21
Q

plastid

A

family of closely related plant organelles
- amyloplasts and chromoplasts

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22
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

origin of chloroplasts mitochondria
- early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic cell

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23
Q

evidence for endosymbiont theory

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A
  1. have 2 membranes
  2. contain ribosomes and DNA
  3. autonomous in cell
24
Q

peroxisomes

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A

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane that contains enzymes to remove H and transfer it to O(2), producing H(2)O(2), enzyme converts this to water

25
roles of cytoskeleton
mechanical support to cell, maintains shape, motility (movement)
26
motor proteins
proteins required for cell motility
27
3 types of cytoskeleton
1. microtubules 2. microfilaments 3. intermediate filaments
28
types of cytoskeleton from largest to smallest
microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
29
microtubules
hollow tubes - cell shape, motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements, centrioles, cilia/flagellum
30
microfilaments
2 intertwined strands of actin - cell shape (changes/maintenance), muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming (plants), motility, division (animal)
31
intermediate filaments
fibrous protein coiled in cables - cell shape, anchorage of nucleus/organelles, forms nuclear lamina
32
centrosomes
where microtubules grow from - near nucleus - separation of chromosomes during division - contain centrioles
33
centrioles
9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in ring
34
structure of cilia and flagella
specialized arrangement of microtubules anchored in basal body
35
differences between cilia and flagella
cilia - large numbers on cell surface, power/recovery strokes flagellum - 1/few per cell, longer/undulating motion
36
dynein
cross-linking/walking - large motor protein - walk along microtubules of adjacent doublet and use ATP energy - doublets held in place by cross-linking
37
myosin motor activity
actin/thicker filaments made of myosin (protein) interact to cause contraction of muscle cells (microfilaments)
38
pseudopodia
cellular extensions used to help a cell crawl along a surface (microfilaments)
39
cytoplasmic streaming
circular flow of cytoplasm within cells (microfilaments)
40
microvilli
bundles of microfilaments that create delicate projections to increase surface area for absorption
41
intermediate filaments specialization
bearing tension - only found in some animal cells - more permanent
42
function of plant cell wall
protects, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water
43
components of plant cell wall
- microfibrils made of cellulose - other polysaccharide and proteins - primary cell wall - young cells, thin/flexible - middle lamella - layer between walls w/ pectins - secondary cell wall
44
extracellular matrix components
collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectins, integrins
45
collagen
strong fibers outside of cells
46
proteogylcans
network w/ embedded collagens secreted by cells
47
fibronectins
attach cells to matrix (glycoproteins)
48
integrins
cell surface receptor proteins
49
intracellular junctions in plants
plasmodesmata
50
plasmodesmata
channels that connect cells
51
intracellular junctions in animals
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
52
tight junctions
plasma membranes tightly pressed against each other bound by proteins
53
desmosomes
anchorage, rivets fasten cells into sheets
54
gap junctions
channels between cells taht have direct transfer of ions and small molecules
55
middle of flagella and cilia structure
"9 + 2" - 9 doublets of microtubules - 2 - central pair of tubules
56
base of cilia and flagella
'9+0' - nonmotile
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