chapter ten part two

Question 1

similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 1

have electron carriers and ATP synthase

Question 2

difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 2

mito - high-energy electrons come from organic molecule, driven by protons diffusing from inter membrane space to matrix
chlorophyll - high energy electrons come from water/light, H+ diffuses from thylakoid space to stroma

Question 3

what organic molecule does Calvin Cycle produce

Answer 3

3C glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- 1 is result of 3 cycles

Question 4

overview of phases of Calvin Cycle

Answer 4

1. carbon fixation
2. carbon reduction
3. regeneration of CO2 acceptor

Question 5

phase 1 of Calvin Cycle

Answer 5

• C first attached to 5C ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
• catalyzed by rubisco
• forms 6C short-lived intermediate

Question 6

rubisco

Answer 6

most abundant protein in chloroplasts

Question 7

phase 2 of Calvin Cycle

Answer 7

• 6 ATP used and addition of electrons changes to G3P
• 1 G3P given off, 5 3C molecules recycle

Question 8

phase 3 of Calvin Cycle

Answer 8

• molecules rearranged to accept new CO2
• 3 ATP used

Question 9

net used products in the Calvin Cycle

Answer 9

• 9 ATP
• 6 NADPH
• 3 CO2

Question 10

net gain of Calvin Cycle

Answer 10

one G3P molecule

Question 11

alternate mechanisms for photosynthesis

Answer 11

photorespiration in C3 plants, C4 plants, and CAM plants

Question 12

photorespiration - C3 plants

Answer 12

• happens when hot and stomata closed
• first organic product of carbon fixation is 3C 3-phosphoglycerate
• Calvin Cycle can use O2 instead of CO2
• generates no ATP, just uses it
• generates no food or sugar

Question 13

C4 plant examples

Answer 13

sugarcane, corn, grass family

Question 14

C3 plant examples

Answer 14

barely, oats, rice, wheat

Question 15

bundle sheath cells

Answer 15

cells that are arranged into tightly-packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf

Question 16

mesophyll cells

Answer 16

in tissues of leaf, contain chloroplasts, perform photosynthesis

Question 17

steps of C4 plants

Answer 17

1. add CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to from oxaloacetate
2. export malate (4C) to bundle-sheath cells through plasmodesmata
3. CO2 released and fixed into organic molecule by rubisco

Question 18

examples of CAM plants

Answer 18

succulent plants, cacti, pineapples
- open stomata at night and close during day
- helps conserve water and prevent CO2 from entering

Question 19

what does CAM stand for

Answer 19

crassulacean acid metabolism

Question 20

CAM process

Answer 20

• plants take up CO2 during night and incorporate it into organic acids (carboxyl)
• mesophyll cells store organic acids in vacuoles until morning
• CO2 released from organic acids during light reactions

Question 21

comparison of C4 and CAM

Answer 21

• cellulose - most abundant organic compound on earth
• make starch by stockpiling extra sugars into roots, tubers, seeds, fruits
• CO2 first incorporated into organic intermediates