chapter twenty/twenty-one

Question 1

organismal cloning

Answer 1

producing one or more multicellular organisms from single cells

Question 2

stem cell

Answer 2

an unspecialized cell that can renew itself and produce cells that differentiate into specialized cells of 1+ types

Question 3

totipotent

Answer 3

a stem cell that can give rise to all cells of an organism and extra embryonic tissue layers
- only totipotent = zygote

Question 4

pluripotent

Answer 4

a stem cell that can give rise to most cells of an organism

Question 5

multipotent

Answer 5

a stem cell that can give rise to several different cells
- ex. hemotopoietic stem cell gives rise to all types of blood cells

Question 6

early experiments of cloning plants

Answer 6

• 1950s, carrot plants
• differentiated adult plant cells can “dedifferentiate” and then give rise to all types of plant cells
• useful in agriculture

Question 7

for plants, differentiation doesn’t involve irreversible change in the _____

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

what did animal cloning experiments show

Answer 8

that nuclear potential tends to be restricted more as development/differentiation progresses

Question 9

is DNA differentiation reversible in animals?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

animal cloning examples

Answer 10

• 1997 - Dolly the cloned sheep
  
  • involved special treatment of donor nucleus
• CC the cat

Question 11

issues with animal cloning

Answer 11

have health issues like diabetes, arthritis, premature death, liver issues

Question 12

human cloning?

Answer 12

clone human embryos for production of stem cells to treat disease
- replacement pancreas cells to cure diabetes
- replacement brain cells to cure Alzheimers, Parkinson’s
- replacement bone marrow cels to cure immune system diseases (Lupus, SCID)

Question 13

embryonic stem cells

Answer 13

• can divide indefinitely in culture
• can differentiate into all embryonic cell types
• pluripotent

Question 14

adult stem cells

Answer 14

• variety of types
• each has limited variety of cell types into which it can differentiate into
• multipotent

Question 15

iPS (induced pluripotent stem cells)

Answer 15

induced extra, cloned copies of regulatory genes and deprogrammed the cells
- return cells to undifferentiated state (deprogram), then reprogram
- shows great promise
- 2007 - first using mouse skin cells

Question 16

applications of DNA technology

Answer 16

1. medicine
   - diagnosis/treatment
   - gene therapy/replacement
2. pharmaceuticals
   - GEMs
   - pharmaceutical factories
3. forensics
4. agriculture
5. environmental cleanup

Question 17

diagnosis/treatment

Answer 17

• can detect presence of pathogens in blood/tissue samples
• can identify disease genes before symptoms show up (hemophilia, cystic fibrosis)
• can identify carriers of disease alleles
• predict likelihood that certain type of cancer will occur

Question 18

gene therapy

Answer 18

introduction of genes into an afflicted ind. for therapeutic purposes
- immunodeficiency disease like SCID
- possible problems

Question 19

SCID

Answer 19

“bubble boy” disease - deficiency of B-cells and T-cells
- susceptible to any infection

Question 20

possible problems of gene therapy

Answer 20

where is the gene inserted in the genome, side effects, ethical issues

Question 21

GEMs

Answer 21

genetically engineered microbes
- produce rare/expensive human hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

Question 22

ex. of GEM

Answer 22

insulin, interferon, somatostatin, TPA

Question 23

insulin

Answer 23

• treats some types of diabetes
• beef or pork early source, but many had allergies
• Humulin - brand name of first insulin

Question 24

interferon

Answer 24

• useful for antiviral therapeutics (viral infections)

Question 25

somatostatin

Answer 25

growth hormone - 500,000 sheep brains yield 5 mg - 2 gallons GEM yields 5 mg

Question 26

TPA

Answer 26

tissue plasminogen activator - helps dissolve blood clots, use immediately after a heart attack

Question 27

pharmaceutical factories

Answer 27

"pharm" animal production of large quantities of protein products - transgenic animal produces molecule of interest in milk

Question 28

what do forensic analyses use?

Answer 28

- STRs (short tandem repeats) - highly variable from person to person - RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism) - usually use 12-13 STR loci - use PCR to amplify small amounts of DNA

Question 29

agriculture

Answer 29

1. no waiting for artificial selection or selective breeding 2. salt/drought/pest resistant 3. transgenic rice w/ gene for beta-carotene to stimulate vitamin A synthesis 4. transgenic animals

Question 30

salt/drought/pest resistant plants

Answer 30

- round-up ready soybeans - resistant to round up - Bt-corn (bacillus thurigenris) - engineered to express a gene from a bacterium that makes the corn resistant to insects

Question 31

environmental cleanup

Answer 31

GEMs to clean up oil, toxins, etc.

Question 32

problems with DNA technology

Answer 32

1. escape/misuse/abuse 2. playing God 3. balance between research/regulation

Question 33

eugenics

Answer 33

the study of agencies that may improve the genetics of the human population

Question 34

genomics

Answer 34

study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

Question 35

bioinformatics

Answer 35

application of computational methods to store and analyze biological data

Question 36

Human Genome Project

Answer 36

- sequencing of human genome - started 1990, finished 2003

Question 37

linkage map

Answer 37

map of genes on chromosome - farther apart genes are, more crossing over that occurs - recombination units - centiMorgans

Question 38

recombination frequencies are used to determine ...

Answer 38

relative map distance

Question 39

what does a physical map express the distance between genes as?

Answer 39

fragments and where they map

Question 40

automated sequencing machines

Answer 40

can obtain complete nucleotide sequences of every chromosome

Question 41

Whole Genome Shotgun

Answer 41

- developed by Craig Venter 1992 - skips gene/DNA mapping - uses powerful computer programs to assemble overlapping short sequences into single continuous sequence

Question 42

metagenomics

Answer 42

DNA from entire community of a species is collected from an environmental sample and sequenced

Question 43

centralized resources of bioinformatics

Answer 43

- National Center for Biotechnology Information - est. by NIH and Nat'l Library of Medicine - GenBank - NCBI database of sequences - software programs allow searches and alignments

Question 44

proteomics

Answer 44

systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties - looking at gene circuits and protein interaction networks

Question 45

Cancer Genome Atlas project

Answer 45

identify common mutations and genes of cancer

Question 46

silicon chips

Answer 46

analyze gene expression patterns of 1000s of genes at same time in patients who have various diseases/cancers

Question 47

relationship between number of gene/proteins and complexity of eukaryotic organism

Answer 47

no relationship

Question 48

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have more base pairs?

Answer 48

eukaryotes

Question 49

why can vertebrate genomes produce more than one polypeptide per gene?

Answer 49

alternative splicing

Question 50

gene density

Answer 50

how many genes in given length of DNA - mammals have low gd