What type of tissue load is most commonly seen in sprains?
Tensile stress (stretching ligaments beyond limits).
Why can pain subside quickly in some grade 3 sprains?
Complete rupture may sever nerve fibers, reducing pain sensation.
Where in the muscle/tendon do strains most often occur?
Musculotendinous junction.
What type of tissue load is most common in strains?
Tensile stress.
Why might a sprain be accompanied by a strain?
Muscles contract to stabilize joint during injury, sometimes overstretching/tearing themselves.
What type of tissue load causes contusions?
Compressive force.
What is crepitus?
Crackling/grating sound or feel, often in fractures or tendinopathy.
What are the ‘growth plates’ called?
Epiphyseal plates.
What classification system describes growth plate fractures?
Salter-Harris classification.
When does a clot typically form after injury?
Within the first 48 hours of the acute phase.
Which type of collagen is most common in the remodeling phase?
Type I collagen.
How long does it take for firm scar tissue to be in place?
~3 weeks.
Clinically, how can you tell when the repair phase has begun?
Swelling and pain decrease, function begins to return.
When do collagen fibers begin forming immature scar tissue?
During the repair phase.
What factors can impede tissue healing?
Poor blood supply, infection, age, poor nutrition, chronic inflammation.
According to Wolff’s Law, what happens if stress is applied too early?
Excess scar tissue, poor alignment, prolonged healing.
According to Wolff’s Law, what happens if there is too much rest?
Weak, poorly aligned scar tissue.
How does ice make an area ‘numb’?
Slows nerve conduction velocity, blocking pain signals.
What factors determine how long cooling takes?
Fat thickness, modality type, application time.
What effects does heat have on collagen?
Increases elasticity, decreases stiffness.
Why avoid heat in acute phase?
Increases bleeding and swelling.
What is the Gate Control Theory of pain?
Non-painful stimuli (like cold/heat) override pain signals at the spinal cord level.
What is included in ‘full ROM’ for RTP?
ROM equal to uninvolved side and functional for sport.
What strength percentage is required for RTP?
≥80% of uninvolved side.
