1
Q
Artery carries blood____
A
away from the heart
2
Q
Vein carries blood ____
A
towards the heart
3
Q
Human heart contains ____ chambers
A
4
Right atrium and ventricle
Left atrium and ventricle
4
Q
Artery carry ____ blood
A
oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
5
Q
Vein carries ____ blood
A
Deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein
6
Q
Prokayotes excrete by ______between cell & environment
A
Direct exchange
7
Q
Diffusion is rapid for ___ distance
A
Very short distance
Long distance—–>longer time
Diffusion time is proportional to the square of the distance
8
Q
Diffusion time is proportional to the ____ of the distance
A
Square
9
Q
Without circulatory system,how do exchange of substances take place in certain organisms?
A
By placing all/many of the cells in direct exchange with environment (gasttrovascular cavities)
Eg.hydra,jellies & other Cnidarians flatworms
10
Q
Components of CVS system
A
1.Circulatory fluid
2.Vessels
3.Heart
11
Q
Open Circulatory System
A
Blood do not always stay in the vessels
Circulatory fluids- hemolymph baths the tissues directly. Exchange substances between the cells and the hemolymphs (interstitial fluids)
Body movements peristalsis stimulate the circulation of the hemolymph
Heart pumps the hemolymph into the interconnected sinuses, spaces surrounding the hemolymph. When heart relaxes, hemolymph is drawn through pores, which have valves closed when the heart contracts
12
Q
Closed Circulatory System
A
Blood is confined to the blood vessels
One or more heart pump the vessels through the organs and tissue
Exchange of substances take place between blood and ECF and also ECF and cells
Higher pressure than the open circulatory system , better to deliver oxygen in larger animals(more energy)
13
Q
RBC,WBC & Platelets contain nuclei.True or False?
A
False
RBC-no
WBC-yes
Platelets-no
14
Q
Vessels Pathway
A
Arteries from heart to organs
Arteries——> arterials——> capillary ——> capillary beds——> tissues——> exchange of gases between ECF and blood——> downstream end capillaries——> venules ——> veins
15
Q
Exception of the arteries and veins that run from heart to the oragns and organs to heart
A
Hepatic portal veins
Carry blood from capillary beds of digestive system to the capillary beds of the liver
16
Q
Single circulation
A
sharks, rays, and bony fishes, blood travels through the body and returns to its starting point in a single circuit (loop), an arrangement called single circulation
17
Q
Turtles,snakes and lizards have _____ventricles.
A
Incomplete ventricles septum that allow blood flow control to the lungs and rest of the body
18
Q
The alligator,caimans and crocodiles can breath under water bcus
A
Because the pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where the artreies exit the heart allowing the arterial valves to shunt blood away from the lungs temporarily, when the animals are under water
19
Q
The first brance from aorta is _____
A
Coronary arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart
20
Q
Name the 2 veins which drain blood to the right atrium
A
1)Superior vena cava
2)Inferior vena cava
21
Q
The muscle of the ——- is the thickest in heart
A
Left ventricles
22
Q
The contracted volume from both right and left ventricles are ———
A
The volume is the same although the left ventricle pumps more forcefully.
23
Q
The heart ——- during systole and ——- during diastole
A
Contracts/ relaxes
Contraction- the heart pumps blood Relaxation- the heart fills blood into ventricle
One cycle of contraction and relaxation is called one cardiac cycle
24
Q
One cycle of contraction and relaxation is called _____
A
One cardiac cycle
25
What is cardiac output?
The volume of the blood pumped by each ventricles per minute is called the cardiac output.
26
Cardiac output depends on which factors?
Depends on
1)Heart rate
2)Stroke volume
27
What is stroke volume?
Stroke volume- the volume of the blood by a ventricle in a single contraction
28
How to calculate stroke volume?
Normal volume- 70 ml
Heart rate- 72 beats per minute
Cardiac output= HR* SV= 50 L/min which is equal to the total volume of the blood in the human body
29
4 Valves in mammalian heart
Two atrioventricular valves- mitral and tricuspid valves
Two semilunar valves- in two exits of the heart where the pulmonary arteries and aorta leave the heart
30
Function of atriventricular valves
To prevent the blood from flowing backwards during ventricular systole
31
Function of semilunar valves
Open when the ventricles contract, close when the ventricles relax
32
Lub-dub is the sound of_____
Closure of the valves
first Lub sound-AV closure
second Dub sound-semilunar valves closure
33
Heart murmurs is caused by _____
Valve defects due to the infection to the heart
However, not all heart mummurs are caused by valves defects
34
The rhymthmic contraction of the heart without the impulses from the nervous system is by———-
SA node in the right atrium, pace maker cells
The SA node produces electrical
impulses much like those produced by nerve cells. Impulses from the SA nodes travel through the gap junctions throughout the heart tissues
35
Electrocardiogram records the _____
Electrical impulses——>current from the SA nodes when they reach the skin via the body fluids
36
3 factors that control the SA nodes impulses
1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system 2. Hormones such as adrenaline
3. Temperature
Sympathetic- increases the speed of pacemaker Para- decreases
Hormones adrenaline- increases
Temp- temp rise by 1 degree increases heart rate by. 10 beats per minute.
Fever——> fast heart beat
37
Sympathetic nervous system_____the speed of pacemaker
increases
38
Parasympathetic nervous system_____the speed of pacemaker
Decreases
39
Adrenaline _____the speed of pacemaker
Increase
40
Capillaries size and structure
Capillaries are only slightly bigger than RBCs. Only contain endothelium and basal lamina
41
Function of capillary
Exchange of blood and interstitial fluids only occur in the capillaries
because they are the vessel walls thin enough to permit this exchange
42
Structure of vessels
1)Endothelium- simple squamous flattened epithelium to minimize the resistance to fluid flow
2)Smooth ms- elastic fibres contained for flexibility, hormones and signals from nv sys acts on these smooth muscle for contraction and relaxation
3)Connective tissue- contain collagen and elastic fibres- strength and stretch
43
Arterial walls are _____ than venous walls
Arterial walls are thicker than venous walls because the arteries have to receive the high pressure blood pumped from the heart. The pressure in the veins returning to the heart is low, do not require thick walls
44
_______walls are thicker than the _____ walls
Arterial walls are thicker than venous walls
45
Lumen of _____ is larger in diameter than lumen of_____
the LUMEN of the VEINS is lager in diameter than the LUMEN OF THE ARTERIES
46
Unlike arteries, veins contain____
Valves (to allow unidirectional flow of blood despite the low pressure)
47
The blood____ from arterioles into capillaries.Why?
Slows.
The number of capillaries is enor- mous, roughly 7 billion in a human body. Each artery conveys blood to so many capillaries that the total cross-sectional area is much greater in capillary beds than in the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
48
The blood____ from veins into capillaries.Why?
Blood entering the venules from the capillaries——> blood flows fast again, bcuz venules have smaller cross sectional areas
49
Resistance of the blood flowing from arteries to arterioles and capillaries
Resistance increases due to the smaller diameters of the capillaries, but the resistance dissipates as the blood flows into the veins again
50
What is systolic pressure?
Systolic pressure - the pressure of the arteries when the heart ventricles contract ——> stretches the walls of the arteries—— > a pulse in your vessels, partly due to blood entering the arterioles from the arteries.
51
What is diastolic pressure?
Diastolic pressure—-> when the ventricle relaxes, the pressure in the arteries drop, the vessels walls snap back. Pressure of the arteries before it reaches 0, heart contracts again——> systolic pressure
52
Regulation of blood pressure can be done by____
Altering the diameters of arterioles
53
What happen to the pressure if the diameter of arteries decrease?
Increased pressure in arteries
54
What happen to the pressure if the diameter of arteries increase?
Decreased pressure in arteries
55
What is vasoconstriction?
Contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole wall
56
What is vasodilation?
Relaxation of smooth muscle in arteriol wall
57
_____causes vasodilation
Nitrogen oxide
58
______causes vasoconstriction
Endothelin (a peptide)
Hormones and nervous system stimulate the release of NO and endothelin
59
When you do strenous exercise,cardiac output increases.Why?
Bcuz muscle vessels dilate ——> blood flow increases——> blood pressure decreases in the body as a whole——> cardiac output increases to maintain the blood pressure and support the necessary increase in blood flow.
60
Blood pressure is measured ———— at the same level of the heart
For an artery in the arm
When standing and taken the BP, BP drops, this suggests BP lowers with the lower gravity
61
Why does fainting occur?
BP in ur brain is lower than the needed. Faints on the ground——> head level is the same as the heart, quickly increasing the blood pressure
62
Giraffe need____ BP.Why?
Higher
their head so far from the ground, so need more pressure to pump blood to brain from the heart.
When giraffe lowers their heads to drink water, cardiac output is lowered, reducing blood pressure in the head , to prevent from brain damage
63
Normal BP Range
70-120mmHg
64
Why do athletes die from heart attack when they stop the vigorous exercises suddenly?
Exercising—-> skeletal muscle force the blood to be pumped towards the heart
Suddenly stop exercise, heart does not receive as much venous blood ——> if the heart is weak or damaged, the inadequate blood flow cause the heart to malfunction ——> heart attack
65
Capillaries do not have smooth muscle, how are the blood flow through them altered?
By constricting or dilating the arterioles, or by pre- capillary sphincters, rings of the smooth muscles located at the entrance to the capillary beds
These regulations are controlled by hormonal and nervous system impulses. Eg, histidine —> VD at the wound site to tight the bacterias
66
At the capillaries, substance exchange such as gases take place mechanism?
1. Diffusion of the gases
2. Endocytosis and exocytosis across the endothelium vessels
3. In some tissues, microscopic pores in the capillary walls (+)——> through the pores, transport of small solutes as well as bulk flow of the fluid into the tissue driven by the blood pressure within the cap
67
The net loss of fluids from the capillaries
Blood pressure in the capillaries drive the fluid out of the capillary pores into the tissue. But blood cells cannot move out of the capillaries ( too large) ———> blood cells draw the water back.
The net loss of water out of the capillaries. The net loss is greatest at the arterial ends where the blood pressure is the highest
68
Function of lymphatic system
Everyday, 4 to 8 L of blood is lost by the capillaries to the surrounding tissues + some blood proteins leakage although the capillaries are not very permeable to the large proteins .
These lost fluids and proteins are returned to the blood via the lymphatic system
69
What are Lymph?
Recovered fluid lost from the capillareis= lymph
70
Where do the lumph return to the blood?
They drain into the large veins at the base of the neck
This joining of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems completes the recovery of fluid lost from capillaries as well as the transfer of lipids from the small intestine to the blood
71
How lymph flow back to the heart?
Like veins——> they contain valves to backwards flow,
Aided by smooth muscle contraction as well as skeletal muscle contraction
72
What happens when there is the distruption in the lymph flow?
Fluid accumulation,edema
Eg.Parasite in lymoh vessels-----elephantiasis
73
Lymph nodes contain_____
Within lymph nodes, there are honeycomb connective tissue filled with WBC.
Infection ——> more WBC ——-> lymph nodes swollen——> reasons why doctors check the swallowing of the lymph nodes in ur neck, armpits and groin when u feel sick
Circulating cancer cells may also be trapped in the lymph nodes
74
Cellular components- ——— percent of blood ——— percent is plasma
45% of blood
55% of plasma
75
Plasma contain ____&_____
Ions,proteins and electrolytes
76
Albumin acts as——- in blood, immunoglobulin as ———
Albumin-buffer
Immunoglobin-defence
77
What are Apolioproteins?
Apolioproteins- escort lipids that are not soluble in water and have to be bound to a carrier protein
78
What are papillary muscles?
The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction).
79
Capillary form a network except at ..... and .....
Cornea and cartilage
80
All veins contain valves.True or False?
False
No valves in the veins at the limbs
81
Shape of the erythrocytes
Biconcave circular disc, thinner in the centre than at the edges , to increase surface area for enhancing the rate of diffusion of O2 across the plasma membrane
82
Why don’t RBC have mitochondria?
They only perform anaerobic resp. Bcuz aerobic resp use oxygen and hence less efficient for oxygen carrying of the RBCs, if they consume oxygen
83
Each molecule of HB, can bind to ———— oxygen
Four molecules of O2
84
Sickle cell effects
Blockage of arterioles and capillaries
Frequently rupture, and decrease the amounf of RBCs carrying oxygen . Short life span than RBCs.
Therapy- blood transfusion / inhibiting aggregation of HbS
85
Life span of RBCs
110 to 120 days
86
Normal value of leucocytes
5000-10000 leucocytes
87
Func of neutrophils
Neutrophil- first line of denfence against antimicrobial activity phagocytes
88
Func of Eosinophil & basophils
Eosinophil and basophil- inflammation
89
Func of lymphocytes
Lymphocytes- immune response
90
Func of monocytes
Monocyte- macrophages
91
Erythrocytes are found outside the circulatory system
T or F?
False.
Leucocytes are found outside the circulatory system
Erythrocytes remain within the vascular network.Altho leukocytes typically leave the blood vessels to perform their defensive functions.
*Movement of erythrocytes from the blood vessels is abnormal.
92
RBCs are destroyed in the ———
Spleen
93
Platelets contain————
No nuclei
Mature RBCs do not contain nuclei as well when they leave the bone marrow
94
——— can arise from the stem cells of the blood in bone marrows
Two type of progenitor cells
95
Hormone————- stimulates the formation of erythrocytes .
Erythropoietin synthesized by the kidneys
96
———— can be used to treat anaemia
Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO)
Anemia - low level of erythrocyte or hemoglobin that decreases the lower oxygen carrying capacity
97
What happens when there is the mechanism defect in blood clotting?
Hemophilia - sex linked disorder , a disease characterized by excessive bleeding and bruising even from minor cuts and bumps
98
Blood clotting is the ———— feedback mechanism
Positive
99
Clots form within the blood vessels is called——
Thrombus
100
———- leads to arteriosclerosis
Vessel linings- smooth to minimize resistance , vessel linings—— > damage of infection——> roughening of the lining plus accumulation of fatty deposits——> arteriosclerosis
Cholesterol plays the development of arteriosclerosis
101
——— carries the cholesterol and ——— returns the excess lipid to the liver
LDL ( low density lipoproteins ) HDL( high density lipoproteins)
102
How do arteriosclerosis lead to thrombus?
Vessel infection——> leucocytes arrive——> take up lipids and cholesterol——> arteriosclerosis accumulation= plaque ——> plaque grows and rupture ——> thrombus ——> heart attack——> die
103
Why do heart attack occur?
HA= myocardial infarction——> insufficient blood supply to heart due to the blockage of the vessels of one or more coronary arteries——> damage or death of the cardiac muscle tissue
Arteriosclerosis in coronary arteries are more dangerous and risky as they are supplying blood to the heart
104
Stroke
Neuron damage due to the lack of sufficient blood flow to the brain ——> by the blockage of one or more arteries in the brain , maybe also due to arterosclerosis
105
Angina pectoris
Heart pain , indicating that heart isn’t receiving enough oxygen , occurs under stress, can be treated surgically by stunt or vessel transplant
Physiology
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
Tissue42
-
Homeostasis92
-
Endocrine System101
-
Excretory System157
-
Digestive System204
-
Immunology173
-
Circulatory system105
-
Muscular System118
-
Male Reproductive System105
-
Female Reproductive System112
-
Respiratory System167
-
Animal Form and Function64
-
Epithelium Tissue (I2I)94
-
Respiratory System (I2I)96
-
Cardiovascular System(I2I)238
-
Digestive System(I2I)137
-
Connective Tissue120
-
Excretory System108
-
Endocrine System1
-
Nervous System (Nervous tissue)53
-
Nervous system (CNS & PNS)84
-
Hearing52
-
Vision58
-
Endocrine SSM137
