Physiology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Structure of eye

A

1.Conjunctiva (outermost layer)
2.Outer layer(fibrous tunic)
3.Middle layer(vascular tunic)
4.Inner layer(retina)

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2
Q

Outer layer of the eye(fibrous tunic) contain

A

1.Sclera
2.Cornea

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3
Q

Middle layer of the eye(vascular tunic) contain

A

1.Choroid
2.Ciliary layer
3.Iris
4.Pupil

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4
Q

Inner layer of the eye(retina) contain

A

1.Retina
2.Fovea
3.Optic nerve

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5
Q

Outermost layer of the eye is

A

Conjunctiva
a thin,transparent mucous membrane covering the inner eyelids and the surface of the eyeball

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6
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Sclera: The white connective tissue layer of the eye, providing shape and protection.
Cornea: The transparent front part of the eye, which refracts light.

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7
Q

Under the sclera layer is

A

Chorid (Pigment containing layer)
A layer of blood vessels that nourishes the outer retina

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8
Q

Func & structure of Iris

A

The structure that derived from chroid at the front of the eye (colored part of the eye)
Func:controlling the size of the pupil

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9
Q

Func & structure of pupil

A

black circular opening in the center of the iris
Func:Entry of light

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10
Q

Retina contain

A

Photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into electrical signals

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11
Q

Fovea

A

A central pit in the retina with a high concentration of cones(no rods),responsible for sharp central vision

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12
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

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13
Q

Strc & func of lens

A

Transprent layer at the front of the eye that made up with protein
Func:Focus light onto the retina by refraction

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14
Q

Lens separate eyeball into 2 compartments.True or False?

A

True
Both compartment contain fluid with different fluid.

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15
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

A watery aqueous fluid that fills the space between the cornea and lens(front compartment of lens)
Func:providing nutrients.

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16
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

A gel-like substance that fills the space behind the lens
Func:maintaining the shape of the eye.

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17
Q

Ratio of cones to rods falls with

A

Distance from fovea (Central point)
Fovea-high conc of cones (no rods)
Peripheral region from fovea-high conc of rods(no cones)

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18
Q

Rods Vs cones

A

Rods-cylindrical outer segment
Cones-Cone-shaped outer segment

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19
Q

Visual pathway

A

Photoreceptor(rod/cones)>Bipolar cells>Ganglion cells>Optic nerve>Optic chiasm>Optic tracts>Lateral Geniculate Nucleus(LGN) of thalamus>Visual cortex(occipital lobe)

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20
Q

Within the outer segment of photoreceptor contain

A

A stack of membranous disks in which visual pigments are embedded

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21
Q

Func of rods

A

Vision for low-light conditions(scotopic vision)

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22
Q

Vision provided by rods

A

Black & white,low resolution vision

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23
Q

Sensitivity of rod

A

Extremely sensitive, capable of detecting a single photon of light (Night vision)

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24
Q

Func of cones

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A

Vision for bright light(Photopic vision) & color perception

25
Vision provided by cones
Color perception and high resolution detail
26
Sensivity of cones
Require more light to activiate than rods (daylight vision)
27
Pigment of rods
Contain rhodopsin (visual purple) that detect dim light
28
Rhodopsin
11-cis retinal pigment (Derived from Vit A,the light-absorbing molecule) Opsin protein
29
Rods can detect color.True or False?
False Vision provided by rods is Black & white
30
Location of rods
Peripheral regions of the fovea
31
Location of cones
Central region of fovea (fovea centralis)
32
Types of cones
Three types of cones, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light 1.L-cones>Red 2.M-cones>Green 3.S-cones>Blue
33
Pigment of cones
Contain photopsin 11-cis retinal pigment + opsin protein *opsin protein is different for different cones*
34
Visual pigments
Light-sensitive molecules found in photoreceptor of the retina Func:Initiating visual transduction pathway (converting light to nerve signals)
35
All visual pigment contain same pigment.True or False?
True All contain 11-cis retinal pigment but they contain different protein.
36
S cones detect
Short wave length (blue)
37
M cones detect
Medium wavelength (green)
38
L cones detect
Long wavelength (red)
39
What will happen when light strike the photoreceptor?
11-cis retinal of photorecptor will convert into trans-retinal cause the activation of photoreceptor
40
Types of neurons in retina
1.photoreceptors (rods and cones) 2.bipolar cells 3.horizontal cells 4.amacrine cells 5.ganglion cells
41
Ganglion cells are combines to form
Optic nerve fibers
42
Right and left optic nerve from each eye form a crossing at
Optic chiasm At the base of the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus and superior to the pituitary gland
43
Right and left eye can receive light from
both right and left visual field
44
Vision of right visual field will goes to
Left brain (visual cortex of the left hemisphere)
45
Vision of left visual field will goes to
Right brain (visual cortex of the right hemisphere)
46
Crossover of visual field and brain is due to
Optic chiasm a point in the visual pathway where nerve fibers from the nasal (inner) half of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain before traveling to the occipital lobe
47
Ciliary muscle
Smooth muscle layer that derived from chorid
48
Ciliary muscle and lens are connect by
Suspensory ligament
49
Lens and refraction degree
The thinker and rounder the lens,the greater the refraction degree The flatter the lens,the lower the refraction degress
50
Near vision and distance vision id controlled by
Ciliary muscle Suspensory ligament Lens
51
Func of ciliary muscle
Control the shape of the lens
52
Near vision or accomodation
Ciliary muscle contracts>pull choroid towards the lens>Suspensory ligement relax>Lens thicker and rounder>focusing nearby objects
53
Distance vision
Ciliary muscle relax>moves choroid away from lens>Suspensory ligement contracts>Lens flatter>focusing distant objects
54
Membrane potential of photoreceptor in dark
In dark,the membrane undergoes depolarization (due to Na+ inflow)
55
Why photoreceptor's membrane are depolarized in the dark?
Due to the Na+ influx (in the dark the Na+ channels are open bcus of the high conc of cGMP in cytosol) cGMP binds to the Na+ channels which cause the opening of Na+ channel>Na+ influx>Depolarization of membrane
56
Membrane potential of photoreceptor when light strike
In light,membrane undergoes hyperpolarization (no more Na+ influx)
57
Why photoreceptor's membrane are repolarized in the light?
When light strike,cis retinal changes to trans retinal>activation of rhodopsin & Transducin> Activation of phosphodiesterase(due to transducin)>Converts cGMP to GMP>low conc of cGMP in cytosol>Na+ channels close>no more Na+ influx>membrane repolarization
58
Synaptic terminal of photorecptor cell release
Physiology
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