___
I- intensive study of ____ that relies on clinical data, such as observations, psychological tests, and historical and biographical information
- Provides _____ about development and psychopathology in a specific individual
- Helps to develop a strong therapeutic relationship
- Can be the source of new information that spurs further investigation or that addresses unique problems.
case study
- one individual
- detailed information
_____ Variables move in the same direction.
Increase in one variable accompanied by increase in the other OR decrease in one variable accompanied by decrease in the other
Ex: Increase in depression = increase in suicidal thoughts
Ex: Decrease in food intake = decrease in concentration
Positive correlation:
limitations of a case study
- Findings _____ to others
Data reflects theoretical perspective or bias of investigator or counselor
Counselor can be biased about the information considered important or focused on
-Relies on subjective evidence
- Cannot be used to demonstrate _____
-cannot be generalized
- cause and effect relationships
____ Variables move in opposite directions.
Increase in one variable accompanied by decrease in the other
Ex: Increase in substance abuse = decrease in functioning
negative correlation
perhaps best tool for testing cause and effect relationships because variables can be manipulated
experiment
in simplest form an experiment involves
___ - prediction of results
___ - can be manipulated by experimenter. Possible CAUSE
___ - expected to change when IV is manipulated. possible EFFECT
experimental hypothesis
independent variable
dependent variable
(cont. experiements)
___- subjected to independent variable
___ - similar in every way to experimental group except for exposure to independent variable
- placebo control group
experimental group
control group
placebo control group
those helping with the dtudy are not aware of research
- reduces impact of experimenter expectations
blind design
Neither participants nor experimenters are aware of experimental conditions
Reduces impact of experimenter and participant expectations
double-blind designs
- degree to which a procedure yields the SAME RESULTS REPEATEDLY under the same circumestances
reliability
____ - same results when given at two different points in time
____ - various parts of measure yields similar or consistent results
___ - consistency of responses when different raters administer measure (do we all come to the same conclusion)
test-retest reliability
internal consistency
inter-rater reliability
- Degree to which an instrument measures what it was developed to measure
- Is measure able to predict how a person will behave, respond, or perform
Is measure actually related to phenomena (ex: depression) attempting to study
Validity: (Accuracy)
Predictive validity:
Construct validity:
- Crucial to reliability and validity of tests
- Administration of all testing requires that common rules and procedures are followed
- Requires a comparison group to which an individual’s test performance can be compared
Standardization:
