prolonged emotional state
mood
Pervasive, life-altering disturbances that can impair functioning across life-span
mood disorder
Individuals often experience one extreme mood that is characterized by intense sadness or despair, feelings of worthlessness, and withdrawal from other
Depressive disorder
Individuals often experience BOTH depression and mania (a euphoric, energetic mood
bipolar disorder
Mood symptoms of depression
Depressed mood, with feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, worthlessness, or low self-esteem Little enthusiasm for things they once enjoyed
Irritability
Feelings of anxiety common
cognitive symptom
Continually thinking about certain topics or reviewing events that have occurred
Often involves irrational and unjustified beliefs
Rumination
- Fatigue, social withdrawal, and reduced motivation
- Daily activities may seem overwhelming
- Slow speech and short responses
= Some seem agitated and restless - Lack of concern for personal cleanliness
behavioral symptoms
- Pessimistic, self-critical beliefs
- Thoughts of suicide
- Problems with memory, concentration, and decision-making
cognitive symptoms
- Appetite and weight changes
- Sleep disturbance
Insomnia
Hypersomnia - Unexplained aches and pain
- Aversion to sexual activity
physiological symptoms
- For diagnosis, hypomanic or manic episodes have ____ present
- diagnosis is made based on ___of and ___ of depressive symptoms
- Never been
- severity and chronicity
Diagnosis requires that a major depressive episode impair functioning for most of the day, nearly every day for at least TWO FULL WEEKS
major depressive disorder
Symptoms are present most of the day for more days than not duringA TWO YEAR PERIOD with no more than two months symptom-free
Ongoing presence of at least two symptoms:
Feelings of hopelessness, Low self-esteem, Poor appetite or overeating, Low energy or fatigue, Difficulty concentrating or making decisions, Sleep difficulties
dysthymic disorder (chronic depression)
Symptoms of depression, irritability, and tension that appear THE WEEK BEFORE MENTRUATION AND REMIT SOON AFTER MENTRUATION BEGINS
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
- Still under consideration – not officially in DSM5
- Severe depression that occurs with a seasonal pattern associated with decreasing light
- Symptoms typically begin in the fall or winter and remit during spring or summer
- Two seasonal episodes of severe depression and a pattern of seasonal depressive episodes
- Symptoms include:
Low energy, social withdrawal, increased need for sleep, and carbohydrate craving
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Role of heredity:
- Depression tends to run in families, and same types of disorder found among family members
- Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression:
Insomnia can both cause and worsen depression
- Sleep disturbances, including increased REM sleep, strongly linked to depression
- Cortisol, stress, and depression:
High blood levels of cortisol linked to depression, but influence is unclear
- Role of early life traumas or stressors
- Damage to hippocampus
- Depletion of serotonin due to chronic stress
biological dimension
Neurotransmitters and depressive disorders:
Abnormalities in availability of neurotransmitters
___, ___, and ___
biological dimension
- Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
_____ - Depression occurs when INSUFFICIENT SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT is received
learned helplessness.
_____ (ostracism) has strong link as a social factor
Targeted rejection
a biomedical treatment includes and the list consist of Tricyclics, MAOIs, and SNRIs: block re-absorption of norepinephrine and serotonin
- sleep recovery & light therapy
medication (antidepressants
symptom-suppressive
not curative
block reuptake oof serotonin
SSRIs
affect other neurotransmitters, including dopamine
atypical antidepressants
try to follow the earth’s natural cues. Expose self to natural sunlight and bright light in mourning/throughout day. Start dimming lights in the evening, and have your room as dark as possible.
manipulate lighting
digestion and metabolism play a role in wakefulness and sleepiness.
fast, then normalize meal times
