1
Q
Role of tear glands in conditioning of incoming air?
A
- moistens
- warmed to body temperature
- not containing debris/pathogens
2
Q
Role of goblet cells
A
- mucus secretion (protection, lubrication, immune defence)
3
Q
What are paranasal air sinuses lined with?
A
- respiratory epithelium, continuous with lining of nasal cavity
4
Q
How many ethmoidal air cells are there?
A
- eight
5
Q
What are the three anatomical parts of the pharynx?
A
- nasopharynx: posterior to nasal cavity
- oropharynx: posterior to oral cavity
- laryngopharynx: posterior to larynx
6
Q
Role of the pharynx
A
- forms connecting pathway between nasal cavities and larynx and serves as common pathway
7
Q
What is the nasopharynx lined by?
A
- respiratory epithelium
8
Q
What is oropharynx lined by? why?
A
- stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
- subject to high levels of abrasion
9
Q
What is the laryngopharynx lined by? why?
A
- stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
- subject to high levels of abrasion
10
Q
What is Eustachian tube?
A
- forms connection between tympanic cavity of ear and pharynx
- allows pressure equalisation and fluid drainage
11
Q
What are the tonsils composed of?
A
- mucosa associated lymphoid tissue MALT
- contain several types of lymphocytes
12
Q
Tonsils in pharyngeal lymphoid (superior to inferior in coronal view)
A
- pharyngeal tonsil
- tubal tonsil
- palatine tonsil
- lingual tonsil
13
Q
What are the main cartilages of the larynx?
A
- thyroid
- cricoid
- arytenoid
- epiglottis
14
Q
Where do vocal ligaments insert into?
A
- arytenoids
15
Q
What occurs during speech production?
A
- arytenoids bring vocal cords close together
- air is pushed through the small space between them causing vibrations
16
Q
Role of vocal folds in swallowing
A
- folds act as sphincter to protect airways from ingested material
17
Q
Muscles allowing movement of arytenoids are innervate by?
A
- branches of the vagus nerve
18
Q
What are the three portions of the laryngeal cavity?
A
- vestibule
- ventricle
- infraglottic cavity
19
Q
What is the vestibule in the laryngeal cavity?
A
- extends from laryngeal inlet to vestibular folds
20
Q
What is the ventricle in the laryngeal cavity?
A
- region between vestibular and vocal folds
21
Q
What is the infraglottic cavity in the laryngeal cavity?
A
- extends from the vocal folds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
22
Q
What bone is the larynx suspended on?
A
- hyoid bone
- muscles attached help control movement of larynx as a whole
23
Q
Where does the trachialis muscle run?
A
- between two ends of each cartilage ring of the trachea
24
Q
What does contraction of trachialis muscle cause?
A
- narrowing of the airways
- e.g. coughing
25
What does the carina of the trachea do?
- separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi
26
At what level does the trachea divide into primary bronchi?
- sternal angle
27
Which primary bronchi is longer?
- left longer than right and enters lung at a lower level
- right is more vertical
28
Why do most adults have a mottled appearance?
- due to accumulation of carbon and duct particles over time
- increased in adults who smoke
29
How many lobes does each lung have?
- left: 2
- right: 3
30
Where is the cardiac notch situated?
- anterior border of the upper lobe of the left lung
31
Where is the lingula?
- lower part of the cardiac notch
32
Bronchial arteries
- supply blood to the lungs
- arise from the descending thoracic aorta or the posterior intercostal arteries
33
What impressions are visible on the medial surface of the right lung?
- superior vena cava
- azygos vein
- oesophagus
34
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
- segment of lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus
- receives own supply by a segmental bronchus and tertiary branch of pulmonary artery
35
What are the walls of the bronchi composed of?
- irregular hyaline cartilaginous plates and smooth muscle
36
What is a pulmonary lobule?
- respiratory unit/functional unit of the lung
- each contained by a fibrous septa
- each supplied by 3-5 terminal bronchioles and consists of several acini
37
What is an acinus?
- region of the bronchial tree distal to the terminal bronchiole
- consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
38
Where is the diaphragm attached to?
- internal surface of the inferior part of the rib cage
- posterior part of the xiphoid process and lower six costal cartilages
- L1-3
39
In full expiration, which level can the diaphragm reach?
- 4th intercostal space
40
How does the diaphragm attach to the lumbar vertebrae?
- crura: two musculo-tendinous bands
41
Where is the hiatus for inferior vena cava?
- in central tendon at level of T8
42
Where is the oesophageal hiatus located?
- left half of diaphragm
- T10
43
Where the aortic hiatus located?
- level of T12
- anterior to vertebral origin of diaphragm
44
Why is the right dome of the diaphragm higher?
- due to presence of the liver
45
What is the origin of the two phrenic nerves?
- C3,4,5
- carry motor innervation
46
Where do the phrenic nerves pass?
- vertically through neck and enter the thorax
- between the mediastinal pleura and pericardium
- anteriorly to the hila of the lungs to pierce the diaphragm
47
What pleura lines the thoracic wall?
- parietal pleura
48
What pleura lines the lung?
- visceral pleura
49
What is the pleural cavity?
- potential space between visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
- contains a small amount of serous pleural fluid for lubrication and cohesion
50
Importance of negative pressure in the pleural cavities?
- keeps lungs inflated against the natural tendency for them to collapse due to their content of elastic tissue
51
What is the costal pleura adhered to?
- thoracic wall
52
Where does the diaphragmatic pleura cover?
- covers the superior surface of the diaphragm
53
What does the mediastinal pleura line?
- mediastinum
54
Where does the cervical pleura extend?
- superiorly into the neck reaching level of the first rib
55
Where is costomediastinal recess?
- potential pleural space located anteriorly where costal and mediastinal pleura meet
56
Where is the costodiaphramatic recess?
- potential pleural space located inferiorly where diaphragmatic and costal pleura meet
57
What are the two patterns of anatomical distribution that bacterial pneumonia has?
- lobular bronchopneumonia: patchy consolidation of lung
- lobar pneumonia: consolidation of a lobe
Anatomy
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