1
Q
What forms axial skeleton? Function?
A
- cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
- protects internal organs and site of limb attachment
2
Q
What forms appendicular skeleton? Function?
A
- bones of upper and lower limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
- facilitate movements made by body
3
Q
What are the four main types of bone cells?
A
- osteogenic cells
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
4
Q
What are osteogenic cells? Function?
A
- unspecialised mesenchymal cells
- found alongside membranes surrounding bones and blood vessels
- only cell to undergo mitosis - develop into osteoblasts
5
Q
What are osteoblasts? Function?
A
- bone producing cells
- synthesise and secrete collagen fibres and other organic components. Used to build ECM and initiate calcification
- become osteocytes
6
Q
What are osteocytes? Function?
A
- major cell type found in mature bone
- found within matrix of bone
- maintain daily metabolism of bone tissue. Exchange of nutrients and waste with blood
7
Q
What are osteoclasts? Function?
A
- large cells present in bone marrow
- lie in close contact with lacunae
- responsible for local removal of bone during growth and remodelling of bone
8
Q
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
A
- osteon
9
Q
Function of central canal in compact bone?
A
- run longitudinally through bone
- facilitate the passage of neurovascular structures
10
Q
Cartilage is a type of what tissue?
A
- connective tissue
11
Q
Describe cartilage
A
- made up of dense network of collagen/elastic fibres
- deposited by chondroblasts, mature in chondrocytes
- maintain integrity of cartilage
12
Q
What are the three main types of cartilage?
A
- elastic
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
13
Q
Function of hyaline cartilage?
A
- lines articular surface of synovial joints
- forms foetal skeleton and growth plates of growing bones
14
Q
Function of elastic cartilage?
A
- forms auricle of ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
15
Q
Function of fibrocartilage?
A
- main constituent of intervertebral discs, tendon attachments to bones.
16
Q
What are the cranial bones?
A
- frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
17
Q
What are the facial bones?
A
- maxilla, zygomatic, mandible
18
Q
Foramen in the occipital bone?
A
- foramina magnum
19
Q
Structures unique to cervical vertebrae?
A
- small, bifid spinous process
- transverse foramina
- atlas: has no body
- axis: has upward projection for rotation of atlas
20
Q
Structures unique to thoracic vertebrae?
A
- heart-shaped body
- small and round vertebral foramen
21
Q
Structures unique to lumbar vertebrae?
A
- large, kidney-shaped body
- triangular vertebral foramen
22
Q
3 parts of the sternum?
A
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
23
Q
Describe rib structure
A
- 12 pairs
- 1-7 attach anteriorly to sternum (true ribs)
- 8-10 attach to costal cartilage (false ribs)
- 11-12 do not attach (floating ribs)
24
Q
Which bones form the pectoral girdle?
A
- clavicle (anterior)
- scapula (posterior)
25
Articulations which form at the scapula
- acromioclavicular: with acromial end of clavicle
- glenohumeral: with head of humerus
26
What projection of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
- acromion
27
Biceps brachii muscle has origin from which projection of the scapula?
- coracoid
28
Where does the head of the humerus articulate on the scapula?
- glenoid fossa
29
Where is the supraspinous fossa?
- back of the scapula, above the spine
30
Articulations which form at the clavicle
- acromioclavicular: with acromion of the scapula
- sternoclavicular: with manubrium of the sternum
31
Articulations which form at the humerus
- glenohumeral: with glenoid fossa of scapula
- humeroulnar: with trochlea notch of ulna
- humeroradial: with radial head
32
Why is it called the surgical neck?
- common site for fractures
33
Where is the intertubercular groove?
- anteriorly between the tubercles of humerus
- holds tendon for biceps brachii muscle
- aka bicipital groove
34
What is the roughened area on the shaft of the humerus?
- deltoid tuberosity
- for insertion of the deltoid muscle
35
What part of humerus articulates with radius?
- capitulum (lateral)
36
What part of humerus articulates with ulna?
- trochlea (medial)
37
Medial epicondyle of humerus gives origin to which muscles in the forearm?
- superficial flexor muscles
38
Lateral epicondyle gives origin to which muscles in the forearm?
- extensor muscles
39
What fossas are on the anterior distal surface of the humerus?
- radial (lateral) above capitulum
- coronoid (medial) above trochlea
40
Which fossa is on the posterior distal surface of the humerus?
- olecranon fossa
41
Articulations which form at the ulna
- humeroulnar: with trochlea of humerus
- superior radioulnar: with head of radius
- middle radioulnar: with shaft of radius
- inferior radioulnar: with ulnar notch of radius
- ulnocarpal: with carpal bones
42
What part of the ulna articulates with humerus?
- trochlear notch
43
Where is olecranon located on the ulna?
- proximally on posterior surface
44
What is the palpable medial projection of the distal ulna?
- styloid process
45
Articulations which form at the carpal bones
- radiocarpal: with distal end of the radius
- intercarpal: between adjacent carpal bones
- carpometacarpal: with metatarsals
46
Carpal bones, proximal-distal, lateral-medial
- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
47
Which bones form the pelvic girdle?
- hip bones which are attached to the axial skeleton at the sacrum and coccyx
48
Which bones make up the hip bone?
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
49
Articulations which the hip bone form
- sacroiliac: with articular surface of the sacrum
- pubic symphysis: with pubic cartilage
- hip joint: with head of femur
50
Ilium fossa gives origin to which muscle?
- iliacus muscle
51
Ischial tuberosity gives origin for which muscles?
- hamstring muscles
52
What foramen is formed by the pubis and ischium?
Obturator foramen
53
What is the acetabulum?
- cup-shaped depression formed by ilium, ischium and pubis for articulation with femoral head
54
Articulations which the femur forms
- hip: with acetabulum of hip bone
- knee: with condyles of tibia
- knee: with posterior surface of the patella
55
What is the pit in the centre of the femoral head?
- fovea
56
What is the linea aspera?
- longitudinal ridge on posterior surface of femur providing origin point for multiple muscles
57
Where is the patella embedded?
- quadriceps femoris muscle, anterior to knee joint
58
What is the medial malleolus?
- thick process formed by distal, expanded medial end of the tibia
59
What is the lateral malleolus?
- distal, expanded flattened end of fibula which articulates with talus bone of ankle
60
What are the tarsal bones? proximal-distal, medial-lateral
- talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform
61
What are 3 main classifications of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
62
What is the projection on the superior side of the axis called?
-odontoid process (dens)
63
Anatomy
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