Cumulative Content

Question 1

Describe liberal welfare state regimes

Answer 1

Emphasis on economic freedom, less government intervention

Question 2

Which countries have liberal welfare state regimes?

Answer 2

Britain and her colonies

Question 3

Describe conservative-corporatist welfare regimes

Answer 3

Emphasis on family

Question 4

Give an example of a conservative-corporatist welfare regime

Answer 4

Portugal

Question 5

Describe social democratic welfare regimes

Answer 5

Health and economic opportunity are human rights

Question 6

Who came up with these 3 welfare regime typologies?

Answer 6

Esping-Anderson

Question 7

Give an example of a social democratic welfare regime

Answer 7

Sweden

Question 8

What is the medical model?

Answer 8

a focus on the biological or physical aspects of disease or disability

Question 9

What are the components of the medical model?

Answer 9

Host & agent

Question 10

What are the 2 variants of the medical model?

Answer 10

Biomedical and behavioural

Question 11

What does the biomedical variant entail?

Answer 11

Host characteristics and agent characteristics

Question 12

Give some examples of host characteristics

Answer 12

Body size, age, sex

Question 13

Give some examples of agent characteristics

Answer 13

virulence, toxicity, communicability, capacity to damage genes or disrupt DNA

Question 14

What are the main claims the medical model makes?

Answer 14

Disease or illness is the result of the interaction between agents and host factors

Risk factor analysis is beneficial because it helps us determine the probability of someone falling ill

Question 15

What is risk factor analysis?

Answer 15

an effort to figure out the risk of injury given certain factors of a certain individual or population.

Question 16

What does the behavioural variant focus on?

Answer 16

Health behaviours

Question 17

Describe counter-arguments to the medical model

Answer 17

Probabilities can be painted as certainties
Individualistic
Moralizes personal responsibility
Ignores social responsibility of other powerful actors in society
Ignores other, social and political factors that may be more important

Question 18

What is the case for a social gradient of health?

Answer 18

Durkheim, Demer: Behavior is socially determined, socially patterned

Healthy lifestyles cluster by social class, other variables

Connection via stress

Incentives to behave in certain ways pervades the social environment

Advertising

Behaviors of our social networks

Sets of opportunities, constraints

Question 19

How do incentives and choice tie in to health?

Answer 19

*People often self-sacrifice for others
- Incentives work when they are large and people already want to change
*…Not so much when neither is true
*May have unintended effects

Question 20

Give an example of a coercive incentive

Answer 20

Taxes targeting unhealthy food

Question 21

Why do taxes targeting unhealthy food fail?

Answer 21

Arbitrary
Punish poor people
Do not help guide people toward healthier foods
Unintended effects
Cash grab for governments?

Question 22

Describe Denmark as a case study for the “fat tax”

Answer 22

Inelastic demand
Consequences for poor people
Substitution effects
Removal of policy in 2012

Question 23

What is the Preston Curve?

Answer 23

the cross-sectional relationship between different countries’ life expectancy and per capita income that forms a concave curve that increasingly flattens as incomes rise.

Question 24

What conclusion did Preston draw?

Answer 24

Average income matters in poor regions but the distribution of available income matters more in richer ones

Question 25

Describe the materialist hypothesis

Answer 25

The idea that most differences in health between groups can be explained by differences in capabilities, opportunities, and access to resources.

Question 26

Describe the psychosocial hypothesis

Answer 26

A) Psychological states arise in interaction with social environment B) Those psychological states have biological implications

Question 27

Describe the Neo-materialist hypothesis

Answer 27

The idea that public services, amenities and social contexts have important distributive effects on health-relevant resources available to people.

Question 28

Define neo-liberalism

Answer 28

Ideology that developed in the 70s and 80s that holds that governments should minimize tax and regulatory burden on individuals and corporations, reduce public services in favour of for-profit services and promote economic growth through encouraging trade and consumerism.

Question 29

What are the levels of analysis?

Answer 29

Cellular Individual Population

Question 30

Define the gradient of health

Answer 30

The near universal finding that health and life expectancy improve and disease incidence falls as income, education level, quality of job, or quality of neighbourhood rise.

Question 31

Define health

Answer 31

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

Question 32

Describe illness

Answer 32

emphasis on first person experience, still social and authority is the one who is ill.

Question 33

Describe sickness role

Answer 33

legalistic and social roles

Question 34

Describe Talcott Parson's sickness criteria

Answer 34

Legitimate reason for assuming the role Beyond the individual’s control Commitment to get well eventually Commitment to follow medical advice

Question 35

Describe disease

Answer 35

Movement away from health. Authority is medical professional

Question 36

How does Michael Moss's interview tie in with Rutkow & Teret's thesis?

Answer 36

Lots of sugar, salt and fat in processed foods and these are used by corporations to get consumers to eat more and more and increase profit This, in turn, increases obesity and harms population health.

Question 37

What is social constructivism?

Answer 37

Knowledge is constructed in social contexts

Question 38

What are the macro determinants of Indigenous health?

Answer 38

Colonialism Social exclusion Racism Community governance/self-determination

Question 39

What are the meso-level determinants of Indigenous health?

Answer 39

Community Capacity Opportunity Structure

Question 40

What are the individual level determinants of Indigenous health?

Answer 40

Income Housing conditions Health behaviours Exposure to environmental hazards

Question 41

How has the legacy of residential schools harmed Indigenous health?

Answer 41

They threatened cultural identity and disrupted stability of Indigenous communities

Question 42

How do opportunity structures impact Indigenous health?

Answer 42

Poorly functioning public services including schools and medical facilities due to underfunding

Question 43

What housing conditions impact Indigenous health?

Answer 43

Overcrowding in homes Poor ventilation and heating

Question 44

What case study links Chapter 12 and Chapter 8?

Answer 44

Grassy Narrows & mercury poisoning

Question 45

What effects were observed regarding pre-natal mercury poisoning in Indigenous children in Grassy narrows?

Answer 45

Learning disabilities Cognitive deficits Impact on school performance

Question 46

Why do people still eat fish in Grassy Narrows when there's high mercury content in it?

Answer 46

Income levels are low in the community Few jobs in the community Fish is part of their historical cultural diets Levels of fish consumption in line with Canadian guidelines

Question 47

Describe the morbidity paradox

Answer 47

Women appear less healthy than men but live longer

Question 48

What are some explanations of the morbidity paradox's existence?

Answer 48

A measurement problem? Women more attuned to their health More pessimistic with self-rated health? Degenerative disease more often fatal for men.

Question 49

How are women different than men (health-wise)?

Answer 49

Higher immunity, more autoimmune disorders Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis Higher victimization to partner violence Higher sexual and reproductive risk More buffering against health risk More and/or higher-quality engagement with social networks Higher incidence of and more severe eating disorders

Question 50

How are men different than women (health-wise)?

Answer 50

Higher birth rate Higher mortality rate Higher rates of violence Perpetration of violence Victimization to violence Suicide Risk-taking Lower immunity Higher rates of some diseases Parkinson’s Behavior-related disease

Question 51

What makes population level causality unique?

Answer 51

- Social context of behaviour - Multi-level analyses have political and policy implications - Takes a developmental, life-course perspective

Question 52

Who's the father of population health?

Answer 52

Geoffrey Rose

Question 53

Describe Rose's Paradoxes

Answer 53

1. Treating high-risk people will do little to impact population health 2. Individual-level approach will impact little of population risk 3. Population-level approach will impact little of individual risk

Question 54

When is it best to use a population level approach?

Answer 54

Population approach is better where risk is small, widespread

Question 55

What were Rose's conclusions regarding the individual approach?

Answer 55

1. Fails to address majority of cases 2. Fails to address root causes 3. Fails to understand human behaviour 4. Fails to incorporate an adequate concept of causality

Question 56

Describe enstructuration

Answer 56

Our everyday interpretations of the world are socially determined The very meanings we attribute to our lives, our work, our health, etc., etc. Thus: People still choose, but they do so in a way that follows patterns

Question 57

Describe the organic nature of choice

Answer 57

Our choices are often unconscious, automatic Personal experiences become part of our neural circuitry Implication: Habits are ‘wired’ into us Good decisions are possible but not often easy!