Decolonization: Part 3

Question 1

South Africa

Answer 1

• freedom struggles was not against occupying colonial power, but an internal opponent instead
• had been independent since 1910
• black African majority had no political rights
• unlike India, developed a mature industrial economy by the mid-1900s
• black Africans depend upon this white-controlled economy - worked in urban industries, mines, or on white-owned farms
• this dependence made them compliant with repressive actions of the colonial rulers
• only benefit = could threaten to collectively withdraw their labor

Question 2

African National Congress

Answer 2

• established in 1912
• association of educated, professional, and middle-class Africans
• original goal = to be accepted as “civilized men” within the existing order, NOT to overthrow it
• pursued peaceful and moderate protest for about 40 years = petitions, multiracial conferences, representatives appealing to the authorities
• it became clear that these methods weren’t working

Question 3

1950

Answer 3

• Nelson Mandela broadened base of support

- also pushed for no-violence disobedience

Question 4

responses by the south African government

Answer 4

• increased repression
• including shooting and unarmed demonstrators
• banned the ANC
• imprisoned ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela
• banned all other major political parties
• • intensified struggle for freedom

Question 5

note

Answer 5

• underground nationalist leaders turned to armed struggle
• organized acts of sabotage and assassination; prepared for guerrilla warfare
• black consciousness movement - an effort to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among South Africa’s black African majority
• mostly made up of student groups
• 1976 = explosion of protest in Soweto (outside of Johannesburg)
• • segregated and impoverished black neighborhood
• • hundreds were killed
• spreading urban violence and radicalization of urban young people
• mid-1980s = government declared a state of emergency
• 1986 (to commemorate 10th anniversary of Soweto uprising) = congress of SATU organized a mass strike involving about 2 million workers

Question 6

note 2

Answer 6

• south Africa was excluded from most international sporting events, including the Olympics
• artists and entertainers refused to perform in South Africa
• many countries enacted economic boycotts
• many countries withdrew their private investment funds
• all of these factors isolated south Africa from the world

Question 7

late 1980s

Answer 7

• white South African leaders agreed to a process of negotiations with African nationalist leaders that led to
• • the abandonment of apartheid policies
• • the release of Nelson Mandela from prison
• • the legalization of the ANC
• • national elections in 1994
• • brought the ANC to power
• Nelson Mandela = new president of south Africa

Question 8

in south Africa, after independence was granted in 1910 ___________

Answer 8

• black Africans had no political rights

Question 9

the ANC protested peacefully and moderately for _____________

Answer 9

• 40 years

Question 10

what is the ANC in south Africa

Answer 10

• African National Congress

Question 11

in 1910, independence was granted to _______ in South Africa

Answer 11

• white settlers

Question 12

how did the South African government respond to the ANC’s nonviolent disobedience

Answer 12

• increased repression
• the ANC was banned
• imprisoned leaders