Biology 2 > Digestive System Test > Flashcards

Digestive System Test Flashcards

23A (49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the digestive system (and what do they mean)?

A
  1. Ingestion- Taking in food
    2.Propulsion- Movement of food
  2. Digestion and Absorption- Breaking down food
  3. Egestion- Elimination of waste
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2
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal? from the superficial layer to deepest (describe a bit)

A
  1. Serosa- Membrane, secretes a fluid that reduces friction for the digestive organs
  2. Muscularis- Circular and longitudinal layers
  3. Submucosa- Contains glands, nerve fibers and blood vessels
  4. Mucosa- Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones -Absorbes nutrients -Protects from Pathogens
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3
Q

What role do teeth play in digestion?

A

Teeth are responsible for beginning the Mechanical Digestion process

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4
Q

What are the 2 portions of the digestive system?

A

-Alimentary canal
-Accessory organs

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5
Q

What is saliva? What does it contain, why is it important?

A

-99% water
-Mucus: lubricates food for swallowing
-Amylase: breaks down starch
- Lysozymes: Kills bacteria
- Antibodies: Mark foreign invaders

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6
Q

What do the epiglottis and uvula do?

A

-Epiglottis: Blocks larynx
-Uvula: Blocks nasal cavity

Both make sure that food goes into the esophagus, NOT the respiratory system

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7
Q

What happens during Deglutition?

A
  1. Buccal phase- food mixed with saliva=bolus, then forced into pharynx
  2. Pharangeal- Esophageal phase-, peristalsis, etc
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8
Q

Deglutition= ?

A

Swallowing

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9
Q

What is a bolus?

A

chewed food, mixed with saliva

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10
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The bolus being propelled by waves of muscle contractions, down the esophagus

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11
Q

Define the stomach

A

Muscular sac with thick walls

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12
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Continues the processes of chemical and mechanical digestion

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13
Q

What are sphincters?

A

Thick rings of muscle at certain points.

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14
Q

Why are sphincters important?

A

Sphincters serve as gatekeepers to allow food to enter and leave at appropriate times

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15
Q

What are the two sphincters in the stomach, and where are they located?

A

-Cardiac sphincter: Separates esophagus from stomach
-Pyloric sphincter: Separates stomach from small intestine

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16
Q

How does mechanical digestion occur in the stomach?

A

The stomach uses 3 layers of muscle to churn food (maceration) and propel it towards the small intestine

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17
Q

What are the three muscle layers of the stomach that help churn food?

A

-Longitudinal muscularis
-Circular muscularis
-Oblique muscularis

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18
Q

What are rugae?

A

The folds of the mucosa (“wrinkles” that stretch when the stomach is full)

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19
Q

How does chemical digestion occur in the stomach?

A

Gastric gland cells add chemicals and enzymes to make chyme.
The gastric gland cells:
- Break down food
-Kill microbes-
-Protect the stomach lining

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20
Q

What are the 3 cells involved in chemical digestion in the stomach, and what do they do? (what do they secrete)

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A

-Mucous cells: secrete mucus to protect stomach lining
-Chief cells: Secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)
-Parietal cells: Secrete HCL to kill microbes in food, convert pepsinogen into the digestive enzyme pepsin (which breaks down food proteins)

21
Q

What is chyme?

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A

The soupy mixture formed from the squeezing of the stomach and the addition of the gastric juices.

22
Q

What are the main things that happen in the small intestine?

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A

Digestion and nutrient absorption

23
Q

What are villi?

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A

Tiny finger-like projections in the lining of the intestine, filled with blood vessels.

24
Q

Why are villi important?

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A

Villi absorb nutrients

25
What is segmentation?
Circular muscles that separate chyme in the small intestine.
26
Why is segmentation important in the digestive process?
Segmentation is needed to slow down the movement of chyme to give the small intestine time to absorb nutrients
27
What are the three major parts of the large intestine?
-Cecum -Colon -Rectum
28
What are the parts of the colon?
1. Ascending colon 2. Transverse colon 3. Descending colon
29
What are the 2 major functions of the large intestine?
-Absorption of water back into the body -Removal of waste (feces) through the rectum and anus
30
What do bacteria help produce in the large intestine?
Vitamins B and K
31
What are haustra?
The small pouches that give the large intestine its lumpy appearance
32
How do materials move within the large intestine? (2 ways)
-Haustral contractions: slow, segmenting movements, last about 30mins after food moves into the LI -Mass movements: slower and more powerful movements that push waste towards the rectum 3 or 4 times a day
33
What does the internal anal sphincter do?
The internal anal sphincter relaxes as the rectum fills and pressure placed on the sphincter
34
What does the external sphincter do?
Needs to be voluntarily relaxed to expel waste through the anus
35
What are the main functions of the liver?
* Liver cells: -remove bacteria and old red cells -detoxify blood -store glycogen -produce fats and proteins -storing iron and copper * Secretes bile * Contains hepatic sinusoids (full of blood)
36
What are the functions of liver cells/the liver?
-Remove bacteria, old red blood cells -Detoxify blood from drugs and poisons -Store glycogen -Produce fats -Manufacture proteins -Store iron and copper
37
What is bile?
The greenish fluid responsible for breaking down fats
38
What does the gallbladder do?
Stores bile, concentrates bile by removing water and sends bile to the small intestine (to digest fats)
39
What are gallstones made from?
Cholesterol crystals
40
What is the pancreas?
A long, thin gland behind the stomach
41
What does the pancreas do?
-Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones
42
What is metabolism?
The life sustaining chemical reactions of the body
43
What is the difference between the two types of metabolism?
-Catabolism: Breaking down of complex molecules while releasing energy (ATP) -Anabolism: Formation of complex molecules while using energy
44
What are nutrients?
Substances that provide the body with energy and can be used for growth
45
What 4 macronutrients are required for the body?
-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Water
46
Why does the body need water?
-Chemical reactions -Dissolving foods for digestion -Maintaining blood pH levels -Regulating body temperature through sweat
47
What are examples of vitamins and minerals needed by the body?
...
48
What sphincter does food pass through moving from the small intestine to the large intestine?
Ileocecal Sphincter
49
Remember:
Study: -Diagram, fill in the blanks -Macromolecule table -Processes in small intestine table -Essay questions, study lab questions
Biology 2
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