FINAL EXAM :)))) Flashcards by Amelia Kerlin

Since living things need and use energy, they perform many chemical reactions. This is the sum of their chemical reactions.
1. Cells 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism 4. Organization 5. Growth 6. Response

Metabolism

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Living things interact with stimuli in their environment
1. Cells 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism 4. Organization 5. Growth 6. Response

Response

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Living things have a specific arrangement of parts that is orderly
1. Cells 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism 4. Organization 5. Growth 6. Response

Organization

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This can be an increase in size or the replacement of worn out damaged cells
1. Cells 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism 4. Organization 5. Growth 6. Response

Growth

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All living things are made of one or more of the same, basic functional unit
1. Cells 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism 4. Organization 5. Growth 6. Response

Cells

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Cells come from preexisting cells and life comes from preexisting life!

Reproduction

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List the levels of classification of living things starting with the largest, most over-arching classification, down to the smallest, most specific level.
Use the following words in your answer: Class, order, phylum, domain, kingdom, family, genus, species

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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Which list accurately names the 3 domains of living things?
a. Prokaryotes, Archaea, Eukarya
b. Bacteria, Plantae, Archaea
c. Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

c. Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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Which list accurately lists the kingdoms found within the Domain Eukarya?
a. Archaea, Animalia, Fungi, Protozoa, Chromista
b. Chromista, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
c. Bacteria, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Archaea

b. Chromista, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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The study of the interrelationships between living things and their physical environments
a. Molecular biology b. Botany c. Ecology d. Biology

c. Ecology

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The branch of Biology that deals with the structure and function of macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential to life
a. Molecular biology b. Botany c. Ecology d. Biology

a. Molecular biology

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The scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, etc
a. Molecular biology b. Botany c. Ecology d. Biology

b. Botany

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The study of living organisms and their vital processes

d. Biology

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The branch of science that deals with microorganisms
a. Taxonomy b. Cytology c. Genetics d. Zoology e. Microbiology

e. Microbiology

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The scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification and distribution of animals
a. Taxonomy b. Cytology c. Genetics d. Zoology e. Microbiology

d. Zoology

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The branch of Biology that deals with the structure, function, multiplication, pathology, and life history of cells.
a. Taxonomy b. Cytology c. Genetics d. Zoology e. Microbiology

b. Cytology

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The science of classifying organisms
a. Taxonomy b. Cytology c. Genetics d. Zoology e. Microbiology

a. Taxonomy

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The study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in organisms.
a. Taxonomy b. Cytology c. Genetics d. Zoology e. Microbiology

c. Genetics

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The study of Protozoa.
a. Mycology b. Protozoology c. Phycology d. Bacteriology e. Virology

b. Protozoology

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The study of bacteria
a. Mycology b. Protozoology c. Phycology d. Bacteriology e. Virology

Bacteriology

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The study of algae
a. Mycology b. Protozoology c. Phycology d. Bacteriology e. Virology

c. Phycology

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The study of viruses
a. Mycology b. Protozoology c. Phycology d. Bacteriology e. Virology

e. Virology

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The study of fungi
a. Mycology b. Protozoology c. Phycology d. Bacteriology e. Virology

Mycology

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When studying human physiology, as opposed to human anatomy the focus is on studying:
a. Functions of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and how they interact
b. The arrangement of structures

a. Functions of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and how they interact

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Which kingdom of living things is made of organisms that are prokaryotic, can either be heterotrophic or autotrophic, and are known for living in harsh environments and containing isoprene in their cell walls? a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Chromista d. Protozoa e. Fungi f. Plantae g. Animalia

a. Archaea

Which kingdom of living things is made of organisms that are unicellular, eukaryotic and are heterotrophic? They are usually motile and are covered in pellicles. a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Chromista d. Protozoa e. Fungi f. Plantae g. Animalia

d. Protozoa

Which kingdom of living things is made of organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic and have cellulose in their cell walls? a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Chromista d. Protozoa e. Fungi f. Plantae g. Animalia

f. Plantae

Which kingdom of living things is made of organisms that are eukaryotic, mostly unicellular (but sometimes multicellular), heterotrophic and have chitin in their cell walls? a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Chromista d. Protozoa e. Fungi f. Plantae g. Animalia

e. Fungi

Which kingdom of living things is made of organisms that are prokaryotic, unicellular, and are important decomposers? Their cells walls contain peptidoglycan. a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Chromista d. Protozoa e. Fungi f. Plantae g. Animalia

b. Bacteria

Which kingdom of living things is made of organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic and do not have cell walls? a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Chromista d. Protozoa e. Fungi f. Plantae g. Animalia

g. Animalia

Which kingdom of living things is made of organisms that are mostly unicellular (with some being colonial or even multicellular, but with no true tissues), are autotrophic and include things such as kelp and algae? a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Chromista d. Protozoa e. Fungi f. Plantae g. Animalia

c. Chromista

The type of cell that does not have nuclei or membrane bound organelles is called: a. Mixokaryotic b. Prokaryotic c. Eukaryotic

b. Prokaryotic

An organism that is made of one or more cells that have membrane bound nuclei is called: a. Prokaryotic b. Unicellular c. Eukaryotic

c. Eukaryotic

An organism that is only made of a single cell, operating on its own, is called: a. Unicellular b. Multicellular c. Colonial

a. Unicellular

Organisms that need to take in food are: a. Autotrophic b. Heterotrophic c. Endothermic

b. HeterotrophicA

Chemical in the cell walls of bacteria that can be used for identification: a. Isoprene b. Peptidoglycan c. Nucleic acid

b. Peptidoglycan

Rigid cell coverings, such as are found in plants and fungi: a. Nuclei b. Cells walls c. Cells membranes

b. Cells walls

A chemical in the cell walls of Archaea that help them survive in harsh environments: a. Peptidoglycan b. Pellicle c. Isoprene

c. Isoprene

An organism that is made of many cells is called: a. Unicellular b. Multicellular c. Colonial

b. Multicellular

A flexible, semipermeable cell coverings that all kinds of cells have: a. Cells wall b. Pellicle c. Cells membrane

c. Cells membrane

Organisms that make their own food: a. Asymetrical b. Endothermic c. Autotrophic

c. Autotrohic

A(n) _____ is an internal support system, usually made of bone and cartilage. It is characteristic of vertebrates

b. Endoskeleton

A cell covering in protozoa that is more rigid than a cell membrane, but not as rigid as a cell wall: a. Peptidoglycan b. Pellicle c. Mesoderm

b. Pellicle

A(n) _____ is a system of stiff external plates used for support and protection in animals. a. Hydroskeleton b. Endoskeleton c. Exoskeleton

c. Exoskeleton

An animal with _____ symmetry can be divided into equal right and left sides by drawing a line down the centerline a. A lack of b. Radial c. Bilateral

c. Bilateral

Some animals even have a fluid filled cavity surrounded by muscles to help maintain structure, which is called a _____. a. Hydroskeleton b. Endoskeleton c. Exoskeleton

a. Hydroskeleton

Animals with a body temperature close to the temperature of the environment, which is regulated behaviorally, are called _____ . a. Endothermic b. Ectothermic c. Assymetrical

b. Ectothermic

Animals that do not have a backbone or a vertebral column are called _____. a. Vertebrates b. Invertebrates c. Endothermic

b. Invertebrates

The _____ is the inner layer of cells during embryonic development. It forms the digestive tract later in development. a. Endoderm b. Mesoderm c. Ectoderm

a. Endoderm

Animals can reproduce using internal or external _____ of eggs. a. Fertilization b. Cephalization c. Respiration

a. Fertilization

The _____ is the middle layer of cells during development and forms the muscular and circulatory systems of animals. a. Endoderm b. Mesoderm c. Ectoderm

b. Mesoderm

Some animals are _____, meaning that young develop inside the mother, receive nutrients from the mother, and have a "live birth" a. Oviparous b. Ovoviparous c. Viviparous

c. Viviparous

**Mollusk structures:** Secretes the shell and encloses vital organs a. Foot b. Mantle c. Radula d. Visceral hump e. Shell

b. Mantle

**Mollusk structures:** Contains the heart, digestive organs and excretory organs a. Foot b. Mantle c. Radula d. Visceral hump e. Shell

d. Visceral hump

**Mollusk structures:** Fleshy and muscular organ that is used in locomotion a. Foot b. Mantle c. Radula d. Visceral hump e. Shell

a. Foot

**Mollusk structures:** Small organ covering in teeth that can scrape food particles into the mouth a. Foot b. Mantle c. Radula d. Visceral hump e. Shell

c. Radula

**Mollusk structures:** Hard, protective covering a. Foot b. Mantle c. Radula d. Visceral hump e. Shell

e. Shell

What does gastropod mean? Which is an example of a gastropod? a. Two-shelled; clam b. Stomach footed; snail c. Head footed; cuttlefish

b. Stomach footed; snail

What does cephalopod mean? Which is an example of a cephalopod? a. Two-shelled; squid b. Stomach footed; oyster c. Head footed; squid

c. Head footed; squid

What structure of squid is important in protection of the squid from predators? a. Chromatophores b. The gills c. Spines

a. Chromatophores

Squid are able to tear prey into smaller pieces using what structure? a. Mantle b. Beak c. Ink sac

b. Beak

Squid use _____ for the exchange of gases a. Nidamental glands b. Lungs c. Gills

c. Gills

Squid circulation is accomplished through: a. One 4 chambered heart b. 1 systemic heart and 2 brachial hearts c. 2 systemic hearts and 2 brachial hearts

b. 1 systemic heart and 2 brachial hearts

Squid have highly developed nervous and sensory systems that include: a. Brains and "camera" eyes b. A brain and spinal chord c. Thermoreceptors

a. Brain and "camera" eyes

Squid have _____ for balance and shoot water out their _____ for propulsion. a. Cartilage plates; gills b. Fins; siphon c. Cecae; ink sac

b. Fins; siphon

Echinoderms are always: a. Vertebrates b. Invertebrates

b. Invertebrates

Echinoderms live in _____ environments. a. Freshwater b. Marine

b. Marine

Echinoderms have _____ germ layers and _____ symmetry. a. 2; radial b. 3; bilateral symmetry c. 3; radial symmetry

c. 3; radial symmetry

Most Echinoderms have a(n) _____, which is made of ossicles. a. Endoskeleton b. Exoskeleton c. Outer shell

a. Endoskeleton

Match classes of Echinoderms with their description or defining characteristics. Sessile and look like a plant a. Sea urchins b. Brittle sea stars c. Sea cucumbers d. Sea lilies e. Starfish (sea stars)

d. Sea lilies

Match classes of Echinoderms with their description or defining characteristics. Look like porcupines! a. Sea urchins b. Brittle sea stars c. Sea cucumbers d. Sea lilies e. Starfish (sea stars)

a. Sea urchins

Match classes of Echinoderms with their description or defining characteristics. Generally, have 5 arms and are covered in protective spines a. Sea urchins b. Brittle sea stars c. Sea cucumbers d. Sea lilies e. Starfish (sea stars)

e. Starfish (sea stars)

Match classes of Echinoderms with their description or defining characteristics. Have characteristically long arms that break off when disturbed a. Sea urchins b. Brittle sea stars c. Sea cucumbers d. Sea lilies e. Starfish (sea stars)

b. Brittle sea stars

In echinoderms, the _____ is a system of canals and tubes a. Ambularcal groove b. Water vascular system c. Tentacle

b. Water vascular system

The _____ is a sieve-like opening that allows water to enter the water vascular system and regulates water pressure within the water vascular system. a. Ossicles b. Central Disc c. Madreporite

c. Madreporite

The water vascular system accomplishes all these tasks except for: a. Digestion b. Movement c. Circulation for nutrients

a. Digestion

Sea urchins perform respiration with: a. Lungs b. Tube feet and sometimes gills c. Kidneys

b. Tube feet and sometimes gills

Movement of the sea urchin is accomplished through the functions of which structures? a. Tube feet and spines b. Peristome c. Gonad ducts

a. Tube feet and spines

Reproduction of sea urchins occurs through _____ of gametes released through gonophores. a. Internal fertilization b. External fertilization c. Asexual fertilization

b. External ferilization

Which of the following is not a role of echinoderms in the environment? a. Hunting other animals b. Being a producer (doing photosynthesis to "make" food) c. Grazing algae d. Scooping up detritus (decomposing matter)

b. Being a producer (doing photosynthesis to "make" food)

When echinoderms eat organic matter and carcasses that settle to the ocean depths, they are functioning as: a. Predators b. Scavengers c. Producers

b. Scavengers

The zone in the ocean where conditions are continually fluctuating due to waves and tides, is called the _____ zone. a. Abyssal b. Intertidal c. Hadal

b. Intertidal

What does the name echinoderm mean? a. Slimy little creature b. I have found it! c. Spiny skin

c. Spiny skin

During chordate development the _____ is a tough, flexible rod that is important in protection and support. a. Dorsal tubular nerve chord b. Dorsal notochord c. Dorsal fin

b. Dorsal notochord

During chordate development, the _____ develop into gills in aquatic organisms but the lower face, neck and upper chest in non-aquatic chordates. a. Post anal tail b. Dorsal tubular nerve chord c. Pharyngeal pouches

c. Pharyngeal pouches

All vertebrates have a(n) _____ for support. a. Endoskeleton b. Exoskeleton c. Hydroskeleton

a. Endoskeleton

One of the benefits of an internal skeleton is that: a. It does not impose rigid size constraints on the size of the animal b. It limits range of motion c. It imposes rigid size constraints on the size of the animal

a. It does not impose rigid size constraints on the size of the animal

The _____ skeleton includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles as well as the attached limbs. a. Axial b. Appendicular

b. Appendicular

Vertebrates have a (n) _____ circulatory system. a. Open b. Closed c. External

b. Closed

What type of vessels carries blood away from the heart and to body tissues? a. Arteries b. Capillaries c. Veins

a. Arteries

In terms of how animals get their nutrition, Vertebrates are heterotrophs and have complete _____ canals. a. Ear b. Birth c. Alimentary

c. Alimentary

Vertebrates have a _____ system that includes the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves and sense organs. a. Circulatory b. Reproductive c. Nervous

c. Nervous

While vertebrates have a variety of ways in which reproduction occurs, bony fish tend to do _____ fertilization, where female fish lay eggs and males fertilize eggs by releasing sperm on the eggs outside the body of the fish. a. Internal b. External c. Asexual

b. External

Most fish hatch from eggs outside the body and are therefore _____. a. Oviparous b. Viviparous c. Ovoviviparous

a. Oviparous

Classes of fish with a typical example: Sharks and rays a. Agnatha b. Osteichythes c. Chondrichythes

c. Chondrichythes

Classes of fish with a typical example: Perch and salmon a. Agnatha b. Osteichythes c. Chondrichythes

b. Osteichythes

Classes of fish with a typical example: Lamprey and hagfish a. Agnatha b. Osteichythes c. Chondrichythes

a. Agnatha

Bony fish have a(n) _____, a thin-walled sac, into which gases diffuse to allow the fish to control its depth without expending the energy of swimming. a. Operculum b. Pyloric ceca c. Air bladder/swim bladder

c. Air bladder/swim bladder

Most bony fish have _____ covering their bodies, which are important for protection. A coating of slimy mucus over this structure further protects the fish. a. Bones b. Scales c. Gills

b. Scales

The _____ are the primary organ of respiration in bony fish. a. Arteries b. Lungs c. Gills

c. Gills

The _____ is a bony covering that protects delicate gills. a. Exoskeleton b. Operculum c. Gill filament

b. Operculum

Excretion of water and wastes is important in maintaining a stable internal environment, also known as maintaining _____. a. Homeostasis b. Decorum c. Buoyancy

a. Homeostasis

For saltwater fish, osmosis promotes the _____ of water from/to the body as water moves across membranes toward an area of higher concentration of solutes, in this case salts. a. Loss b. Entry

a. Loss

In freshwater fish, kidneys produce very dilute urine to counteract the tendency of water to _____ the body of the fish by osmosis. a. Leave b. Enter

b. Enter

The _____ allow(s) fish to sense vibrations. a. Olfactory sacs b. Lateral line c. Nares

b. Lateral line

Female fish _____, or lay eggs, only under right conditions which include certain temperature, pH, and food conditions. a. Spawn b. Milt

a. Spawn

Male fish cover the eggs with _____, a milky fluid containing sperm. a. Mucus b. Milt c. Membranes

b. Milt

_____ is a method of protection that fish (as well as many other organisms) exhibit that describes them having a darker coloring on their dorsal side (back) and a lighter coloring on their ventral side ("belly"). a. Scales b. Mimicry c. Countershading

c. Countershading

In fish, after the heart pumps blood it goes directly into the _____ to become oxygenated before the blood goes into tissues in the rest of the body. a. Lungs b. Gills c. Kidneys

b. Gills

What are the 4 characteristics common to all chordates? (SA)

Pharyngeal pouches, dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, post-anal tail

_____ is the study of living things. a. Chemistry b. Biology c. Kineseology

b. Biology

The domains of living things are: a. Protozoa, Chromista and Eukarya b. Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya c. Fungi, Archaea, and Chromista

b. Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

The domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms: a. Fungi, Archaea, Protozoa, Animals, Plants b. Plants, Animals, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi c. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protozoa, and Chromista

c. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protozoa, and Chromista

What are the 3 main characteristics of Mammals? a. Exothermic, vertebrates, have hair b. Endothermic, have hair, have mammary glands c. Endothermic, viviparous, have hair

b. Endothermic, have hair, have mammary glands

The study of the physical make-up and structures of people is called: a. Human anatomy b. Human physiology c. Human psychology

a. Human anatomy

The study of the life processes of people is called: a. Human anatomy b. Human physiology c. Human psychology

b. Human physiology

According to our class notes, how are people different than other animals? a. Different structure of muscle tissue b. People are made in the image of God and are made for a relationship with God c. There are no differences

b. People are made in the image of God and are made for a relationship with God

We are built from the following subunits. Find the answer with the correct progression from smallest to largest unit. a. Atoms-organs-macromolecules-organelles-cells-tissues-molecules-organ systems b. Organs-cells-macromolecules-organelles-organ systems-molecules-atoms-tissues c. Atoms-molecules-macromolecules-organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems

c. Atoms-molecules-macromolecules-organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems

An organ system is: a. A structure made of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform a particular function b. A group of cells that are specialized to perform a particular function c. A group of 2 or more organs that work together to perform a particular function

b. A group of cells that are specialized to perform a particular function

Which type of human tissue is made of cells that contract to cause movement? a. Muscular b. Nervous c. Connective

a. Muscular

Which type of human tissue supports, connects, and protects other structures? a. Muscular b. Nervous c. Connective

b. c. Connective

Which type of human tissue gathers information, orchestrates movement, and enables thinking and feeling? a. Muscular b. Nervous c. Connective

b. Nervous

Which type of human tissue makes up the blood, bone, and cartilage? a. Muscular b. Nervous c. Connective

c. Connective

What type of human tissue covers or lines surfaces of the body? a. Muscular b. Connective c. Epithelial

c. Epithelial

Which type of human tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord? a. Muscular b. Nervous c. Epithelial

b. Nervous

Protects the body from pathogens that have entered the body a. Respiratory system b. Muscular system c. Digestive system d. Endocrine system e. Lymphatic and immune systems

e. Lymphatic and immune systems

Gas exchange a. Respiratory system b. Muscular system c. Digestive system d. Endocrine system e. Lymphatic and immune systems

a. Respiratory system

Movement of the body through space or stuff through the body a. Respiratory system b. Muscular system c. Digestive system d. Endocrine system e. Lymphatic and immune systems

b. Muscular system

Controls and regulates body functions through glands and hormones a. Respiratory system b. Muscular system c. Digestive system d. Endocrine system e. Lymphatic and immune systems

d. Endocrine system

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste a. Respiratory system b. Muscular system c. Digestive system d. Endocrine system e. Lymphatic and immune systems

c. Digestive system

Carries nutrients and gases through the body a. Skeletal system b. Integumentary system c. Circulatory system d. Urinary system e. Nervous system f. Reproductive system

c. Circulatory system

Gives support and important for movement a. Skeletal system b. Integumentary system c. Circulatory system d. Urinary system e. Nervous system f. Reproductive system

a. Skeletal system

Lines the outside or inside of the body a. Skeletal system b. Integumentary system c. Circulatory system d. Urinary system e. Nervous system f. Reproductive system

b. Integumentary system

Makes and stores gametes a. Skeletal system b. Integumentary system c. Circulatory system d. Urinary system e. Nervous system f. Reproductive system

f. Reproductive system

Sends and receives messages a. Skeletal system b. Integumentary system c. Circulatory system d. Urinary system e. Nervous system f. Reproductive system

e. Nervous system

Waste removal and water balance a. Skeletal system b. Integumentary system c. Circulatory system d. Urinary system e. Nervous system f. Reproductive system

d. Urinary system

Which layer of the skin is regularly replaced every 25 days? a. Subcutaneous layer b. Dermis c. Epidermis

c. Epidermis

Which structure or substance is not part of the integumentary system? a. The skin b. The blood c. The hair and nails

b. The blood

What are the two layers of the skin? a. Subcutaneous layer and dermis b. Epidermis and dermis c. Dermis and skeletal muscle

b. Epidermis and dermis

What are all the kinds of tissues that make up the dermis? a. Connective and epithelial b. Epithelial and muscular c. Nervous, connective, epithelial and muscular

c. Nervous, connective, epithelial, and muscular

Our skin contains many touch and temperature receptors; therefore, the skin is important in: a. Protection from antigens b. Waste removal c. Feedback with the environment

b. Protection from antigens

The skin is important in stopping the entry of viruses, bacteria, and foreign objects into the body. This can be summarized as: a. Temperature control b. Protection from antigens c. Feedback with the environment

b. Protection from antigens

As the skin releases sweat and sebum it is functioning in: a. Protection from antigens b. Waste removal c. Feedback with the environment

b. Waste removal

When we get cold and goose bumps form or when we get too warm we sweat; what function of the skin is evidenced? a. Temperature control b. Waste removal c. Feedback with the environment

a. Temperature control

What is the immunology word for anything that can cause an immune response? a. Antibody b. Antigen c. Anion

b. Antigen

The very first line of defense from an infection is a(n): a. Adaptive Immune Response b. Innate Immune Response c. Physical Barrier

c. Physical Barrier

What type of immune response is "learned" through an infection or vaccination? a. Innate b. Adaptive

b. Adaptive

Any organism that can cause a disease is called a(n): a. Antigen b. Pathogen c. Carcinogen

b. Pathogen

Some particles like pollen, or bacteria, or viruses can cause an immune response. Therefore, they can be called: a. Antibodies b. Antigen c. Antimatter

b. Antigen

The innate immune system is: a. Not specific for a particular antigen b. Only functions the second time your body has seen a particular antigen c. Made up of the skin and mucus

a. Not specific for a particular antigen

Skin, sweat, mucus are part of the: a. Innate Immune System b. Physical Barriers to Infection c. Adaptive Immune System

b. Physical Barriers to Infection

If a pathogen gets through the skin, the _____ will be the first line of defense against the pathogen establishing an infection. a. Adaptive Immune Response b. Innate Immune Response c. Physical Barriers

b. Innate Immune Response

The immunological reactions to the entry of a pathogen such as inflammation and macrophage gobbling up the pathogen, are considered: a. Adaptive Immune Responses b. Innate Immune Responses c. Physical Barriers

b. Innate Immune Responses

What is hematopoiesis? a. The production of antibodies b. The production of blood cells c. The swelling in the legs

b. The production of blood cells

Proteins that are secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen are: a. Antigens b. Antibodies c. Cytokines

b. Antibodies

A(n) _____ is given to stimulate the Immune System with a piece of a particular antigen so that memory cells can be formed. a. Anti-inflammatory drug b. Antibiotic c. Vaccine/Immunization

c. Vaccine/Immunization

Match cell type with description Type of lymphocyte that destroys (kills) cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens. a. Killer (Cytotoxic) T cells b. Plasma cells c. Macrophage d. T cells e. B cells f. Helper T cells

a. Killer (Cytotoxic) T cells

Match cell type with description Immune cells that produce antibodies and oversees humoral immunity a. Killer (Cytotoxic) T cells b. Plasma cells c. Macrophage d. T cells e. B cells f. Helper T cells

e. B cells

Match cell type with description Immune cells that start as B cells but differentiate into a special kind of cell that makes lots of antibody a. Killer (Cytotoxic) T cells b. Plasma cells c. Macrophage d. T cells e. B cells f. Helper T cells

b. Plasma cells

Match cell type with description Which type of immune cell engulfs (eats) foreign particles and presents the antigens so they can be recognized by other immune cells a. Killer (Cytotoxic) T cells b. Plasma cells c. Macrophage d. T cells e. B cells f. Helper T cells

c. Macrophage

Match cell type with description Immune cell that is made in the bone marrow but then leaves to mature in the thymus a. Killer (Cytotoxic) T cells b. Plasma cells c. Macrophage d. T cells e. B cells f. Helper T cells

d. T cells

Match cell type with description: Which type of lymphocyte secretes factors that enlist other immune cells, to help orchestrate immune responses a. Killer (Cytotoxic) T cells b. Plasma cells c. Macrophage d. T cells e. B cells f. Helper T cells

f. Helper T cells

What are the 3 main functions of the Lymphatic system? a. Defense, circulation of blood, respiration b. Defense, fluid balance, fat absorption c. Fat absorption, fluid balance, circulation of blood

b. Defense, fluid balance, fat absorption

The lymphatic system is made of: a. The lungs and lymph nodes b. The lymphatic tissues/organs and a network of lymphatic vessels c. The spleen and the stomach

b. The lymphatic tissues/organs and a network of lymphatic vessels

Lymph follows the pathway from: a. Tissues->Lymph vessels->Lymph ducts->Veins b. Lymph nodes->Ducts->Tissues->Lymphatic capillaries c. Tissues->Lymph ducts->Lymph vessels->Veins

c. Tissues->Lymph ducts->Lymph vessels->Veins

The Lymphatic vessels that carry fats from the small intestine are called: a. Spleen b. Lacteals c. Peyer's patches

b. Lacteals

This lymphatic organ filters and cleans the blood of bacteria, viruses and other particles: a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Peyer's patches

a. Spleen

This lymphatic structure is found in the throat and traps and removes pathogens entering the throat: a. Tonsils b. Spleen c. Thymus

a. Tonsils

The site of hematopoiesis is the: a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Bone marrow

c. Bone marrow

B and T cells develop in the bone marrow, but _____ go to the Thymus for their maturation and "education"/programming. a. B cells b. T cells c. Both B and T cells

b. T cells

Match lymphatic disorder with description: Disease where lymph accumulates in limbs a. Allergies b. Tonsillitis c. Autoimmune disorder d. Lymphedema e. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

d. Lymphodema

Match lymphatic disorder with description: Inflammation of the lymphatic tissue in the throat a. Allergies b. Tonsillitis c. Autoimmune disorder d. Lymphedema e. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

b. Tonsilitis

Match lymphatic disorder with description: Results from an infection by HIV killing her helper T cells a. Allergies b. Tonsillitis c. Autoimmune disorder d. Lymphedema e. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

e. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Match lymphatic disorder with description: Antibodies develop against a normal, usually harmless substance a. Allergies b. Tonsillitis c. Autoimmune disorder d. Lymphedema e. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

a. Allergies

Match lymphatic disorder with description: A person's immune system attacks him/herself a. Allergies b. Tonsillitis c. Autoimmune disorder d. Lymphedema e. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

c. Autoimmune disorder

The infant skeleton is made of bones that are mostly _____. a. Cartilage b. Ossified bone c. Ligaments

a. Cartilage

The infant skeleton has _____ bones. a. 190 b. 207 c. 270

c. 270

The adult skeleton, made of 206 bones, is formed through a process of _____, turning cartilage to bone. a. Decalcification b. Ossification

b. Ossification

The ends of bones are often covered in cartilage to provide _____ at the joints. a. Rigidity b. Cushioning c. Strength

b. Cushioning

The process of _____ strengthens bones as they rebuild at stress points caused by exercise. a. Ossification b. Decalcification c. Remodeling

c. Remodeling

When calcium is released from bones, a phosphate is also released. It is important in the chemical structure of ATP and DNA. Therefore, phosphate is important in _____ and _____. a. Energy processing and information storage b. Digestion and information storage c. Cell replication and repair

a. Energy processing and information storage

Bone cells that replace cartilage with bone are called: a. Osteoblasts b. Osteoclasts c. Osteons

a. Osteoblasts

Bone cells that break down bone tissue as part of tissue remodeling are called: a. Osteoblasts b. Osteoclasts c. Osteons

b. Osteoclasts

The nervous, muscular and reproductive systems all use what mineral? a. Selenium b. Radium c. Calcium

c. Calcium

Which type of bone is located just under the periosteum and is arranged in circular units called osteons: a. Spongy b. Compact

b. Compact

The shaft, or long middle part of a long bone is called the: a. Diaphysis b. Epiphysis c. Growth plate

a. Diaphysis

During development from childhood to adulthood, red bone marrow changes to yellow bone marrow in long bone shafts. This yellow marrow has a high _____ content. a. Water b. Fat c. Sugar

b. Fat

Which type of bone has a porous appearance and tends to be concentrated in the epiphysis of long bones in adults? a. Compact b. Spongy

b. Spongy

What body system controls the level of Calcium in the body by releasing Ca from the bones or storing it in the bones? a. Nervous b. Muscular c. Endocrine

c. Endocrine

Red bone marrow is the primary cite of _____, or production of blood cells. a. Ossification b. Browth c. Hamatopoiesis

c. Hematopoiesis

What happens to growth plates when the bone growth ends? a. They turn to fatty tissue b. They turn to bone c. They turn to ligament

b. They turn to bone

Where 2 or more bones join a. Bursa b. Joints c. Synovial fluid d. Ligaments e. Periosteum f. Joint capsule g. Synovial membrane

b. Joints

The strong bands of connective tissue that attach bone to bone. a. Bursa b. Joints c. Synovial fluid d. Ligaments e. Periosteum f. Joint capsule g. Synovial membrane

d. Ligaments

The covering of bones that nourishes the bone tissue a. Bursa b. Joints c. Synovial fluid d. Ligaments e. Periosteum f. Joint capsule g. Synovial membrane

e. Periostium

Fluid filled sacs in joints that reduce friction a. Bursa b. Joints c. Synovial fluid d. Ligaments e. Periosteum f. Joint capsule g. Synovial membrane

a. Bursa

Fluid that lubricates joints and absorbs shocks a. Bursa b. Joints c. Synovial fluid d. Ligaments e. Periosteum f. Joint capsule g. Synovial membrane

c. Synovial fluid

The covering at the ends of bones, that forms the joints a. Bursa b. Joints c. Synovial fluid d. Ligaments e. Periosteum f. Joint capsule g. Synovial membrane

f. Joint capsule

Lines the inner surface of joints and makes synovial fluid a. Bursa b. Joints c. Synovial fluid d. Ligaments e. Periosteum f. Joint capsule g. Synovial membrane

g. Synovial membrane

Identify the type of each bone. Jaw bone a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

a. Irregular

Identify the type of each bone. Ribs a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

d. Flat

Identify the type of each bone. Femur a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

b. Long

Identify the type of each bone. Tibia a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

b. Long

Identify the type of each bone. Phalanges a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

b. Long

Identify the type of each bone. Tarsals a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

c. Short

Identify the type of each bone. Radius a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

b. Long

Identify the type of each bone. Cranial portion bones of the skull a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

d. Flat

Identify the type of each bone. Vertebrae a. Irregular b. Long c. Short d. Flat

a. Irregular

Match joint with example: Wrists and ankles a. Gliding b. Ball and socket c. Immovable d. Pivot e. Hinge f. Slightly movable

a. Gliding

Match joint with example: Shoulder and hip a. Gliding b. Ball and socket c. Immovable d. Pivot e. Hinge f. Slightly movable

b. Ball and socket

Match joint with example: Knees and elbows a. Gliding b. Ball and socket c. Immovable d. Pivot e. Hinge f. Slightly movable

e. Hinge

Match joint with example: Bones of the skull a. Gliding b. Ball and socket c. Immovable d. Pivot e. Hinge f. Slightly movable

c. Immovable joint

Match joint with example: The vertebrae connected by cartilage a. Gliding b. Ball and socket c. Immovable d. Pivot e. Hinge f. Slightly movable

f. Slightly movable

Match joint with example: Base of the skull to vertebral column a. Gliding b. Ball and socket c. Immovable d. Pivot e. Hinge f. Slightly movable

d. Pivot

Skull bones Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Made of 126 bones Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Made of 80 bones Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Femur Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Pelvic girdle Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Vertebral column Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Rib cage Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Ability to lengthen/stretch a. Contractablility b. Extensibility c. Elasticity d. Excitability

b. Extensibility

Patella Appendicular (P) OR Axial (X)

Ability to shorten when stimulated a. Contractablility b. Extensibility c. Elasticity d. Excitability

a. Contractability

Ability to respond to a stimulus a. Contractablility b. Extensibility c. Elasticity d. Excitability

d. Excitability

Ability to bounce back/recoil a. Contractablility b. Extensibility c. Elasticity d. Excitability

c. Elasticity

What does it mean that muscle tissue is excitable? a. It can lengthen/stretch b. It has the ability to bounce back/recoil c. It can respond to a stimulus

c. It can respond to a stimulus

What does it mean that muscle tissue is contractable? a. It can bounce back/recoil b. It can shorten when stimulated c. It can lengthen/stretch

b. It can shorten when stimulated

What does it mean that muscle tissue is elastic? a. It can bounce back/recoil b. It can lengthen/stretch c. It can shorten when stimulated

a. It can bounce back/recoil

What is the bundle of tissue within muscles called that is just one step smaller than the entire muscle? a. Myofilament b. Fascicle c. Actin

b. Fascicle

The thin myofilament that is anchored to the Z disk is called: a. Actin b. Myosin

a. Actin

What is the long thin muscle cell called? It is covered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which transmits the message a. Muscle fiber b. Fascicle c. Myofilament

a. Muscle fiber

The short, thick myofilament with the "heads" that change shape is called: a. Actin b. Myosin

b. Myosin

During a muscle contraction, the _____ shortens because of myosin walking along the actin/tugging on actin: a. M line b. Z line c. Sarcomere

b. Z line

The _____ theory describes the process where myosin walks along actin to produce a shortening of the sarcomere for a muscle contraction to happen. a. Sliding filament b. Kinetic molecular c. Muscle movement

a. Sliding filament

Energy for muscle contractions primarily comes from what process? a. Cellular respiration b. Oxygen dept c. Excitability

a. Cellular respiration

Calcium is needed to interact with troponin and tropomyosin to expose the _____on actin for a muscle contraction to occur. a. Perimysium b. Epimysium c. Active site

c. Active site

The gentleness of muscle contractions is controlled by: a. The number of muscle fibers engaged b. The amount of oxygen present c. The length of a sarcomere

a. The number of muscle fibers engaged

The difference between the amount of oxygen available and the amount required is called the: a. Sliding filament theory b. Oxygen dept c. Synergy

b. Oxygen dept

What is needed for cellular respiration to occur? a. Calcium b. Nitrogen c. Oxygen

c. Oxygen

The origin of a muscle is the location of the _____ where the muscle attaches. a. More stationary bone b. More movable bone

a. More stationary bone

The middle of the muscle is called the: a. The belly b. The shaft c. The axon

a. The belly

What structures attach muscles to bones? a. Ligaments b. Tendons c. Cartilage

b. Tendons

The main muscles doing the action a. Synergists b. Antagonists c. Prime movers

c. Prime movers

The muscles opposing the muscle doing the motion a. Synergists b. Antagonists c. Prime movers

b. Antagonists

The muscles that help in the main action a. Synergists b. Antagonists c. Prime movers

a. Synergists

Match the name of the muscle with the characteristics of the muscle for which it was named: Muscle function (Draws in the limb) a. Maximus b. Deltoid c. Adductor d. Biceps brachii

c. Adductor

Match the name of the muscle with the characteristics of the muscle for which it was named: Muscle size (Largest muscle in an area) a. Maximus b. Deltoid c. Adductor d. Biceps brachii

a. Maximus

Match the name of the muscle with the characteristics of the muscle for which it was named: Number of origins (Two origins) a. Maximus b. Deltoid c. Adductor d. Biceps brachii

d. Biceps brachii

Match the name of the muscle with the characteristics of the muscle for which it was named: Muscle shape (Triangular shape) a. Maximus b. Deltoid c. Adductor d. Biceps brachii

b. Deltoid

What is the main function of the respiratory system? a. Nutrient absorption b. Blood sugar balance c. Gas exchange between the blood and air

c. Gas exchange between blood and air

What are the main parts of the respiratory system? a. Lungs, liver and tubes going to lungs b. Lungs and tubes going to lungs c. Lungs and heart

b. Lungs and tubes going to lungs

The process of exhaling is caused by the diaphragm _____, which shrinks the volume of the chest cavity. a. Contracting b. Relaxing

b. Relaxing

What are the primary gases exchanged by the respiratory system? a. N2 and O2 b. O2 and CO (Carbon monoxide) c. O2 and CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

c. O2 and CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

Which progression best describes the flow of oxygen in the air from the nose to oxygen getting into the blood stream? a. Nasal passages, bronchi, bronchioles, pharynx, trachea, lungs b. Nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs c. Pharynx, nasal passages, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, lungs

b. Nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

In order for a person to take a deep breath, what needs to happen? a. The diaphragm relaxes and the muscles between ribs contract b. The diaphragm contracts and the muscles between ribs relax c. The diaphragm contracts and the muscles between ribs contract

c. The diaphragm contracts and the muscles between ribs contract

What controls our breathing? a. The cerebral cortex b. The corpus callosum c. The respiratory center of the brain stem

c. The respiratory center of the brain stem

Match the respiratory system with description: Tube that carries air towards the lungs and is supported by cartilage a. Nasal cavity b. Larynx c. Bronchioles d. Trachea e. Bronchi

d. Trachea

Match the respiratory system with description: The hollow area that warms, moisturizes and filters air that is breathed in through the nose a. Nasal cavity b. Larynx c. Bronchioles d. Trachea e. Bronchi

a. Nasal cavity

Match the respiratory system with description: Are the two branches from the trachea a. Nasal cavity b. Larynx c. Bronchioles d. Trachea e. Bronchi

e. Bronchi

Match the respiratory system with description: Small tubes that lead into the lungs after branching a. Nasal cavity b. Larynx c. Bronchioles d. Trachea e. Bronchi

c. Bronchioles

Match the respiratory system with description: The voice box containing vocal folds over which air travels to produce sounds a. Nasal cavity b. Larynx c. Bronchioles d. Trachea e. Bronchi

b. Larynx

Match the respiratory system with what it does: Flap that helps control the flow of food, water and air by closing over the trachea a. Epiglottis b. Capillaries c. Alveoli d. Lungs e. Pharynx

a. Epiglottis

Match the respiratory system with what it does: The part of throat behind the nose and mouth a. Epiglottis b. Capillaries c. Alveoli d. Lungs e. Pharynx

e. Pharynx

Match the respiratory system with what it does: Bubble-like sacs that are the functional unit of gas exchange a. Epiglottis b. Capillaries c. Alveoli d. Lungs e. Pharynx

c. Alveoli

Match the respiratory system with what it does: Small blood vessels that surround the alveoli a. Epiglottis b. Capillaries c. Alveoli d. Lungs e. Pharynx

b. Capillaries

Match the respiratory system with what it does: Organ that is the primary site of gas exchange a. Epiglottis b. Capillaries c. Alveoli d. Lungs e. Pharynx

d. Lungs

What signals are monitored by our body to control our breathing? a. blood volume b. blood pH c. Heart rate

b. Blood pH

Using oxygen to produce energy from glucose a. Internal respiration b. External respiration c. Cellular respiration

c. Cellular respiration

Supplying cells with oxygen a. Internal respiration b. External respiration c. Cellular respiration

a. Internal respiration

Inhaling air a. Internal respiration b. External respiration c. Cellular respiration

b. External respiration

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries through what process? a. Osmosis b. Diffusion c. Active transport

b. Diffusion

Within the blood, oxygen is transported: a. Mostly dissolved in the blood b. In the bicarbonate buffer system c. Bound to hemoglobin

c. Bound to hemoglobin

Carbon dioxide is produced through: a. Photosynthesis b. Cellular respiration c. Anaerobic respiration

b. Cellular respiration

What is the protein found in red blood cells that contains iron? a. Hemoglobin b. Antibodies c. Immunoglobin

a. Hemoglobin

What is the primary way in which Carbon dioxide is transported? a. Dissolved in the blood b. Bound to hemoglobin c. In the bicarbonate buffer system

c. In the bicarbonate buffer system

What is the main function of the circulatory system? a. Nutrient absorption b. Transport of gases, nutrients, cells, and waste c. Gas exchange between the blood and air

b. Transport of gases, nutrients, cells, and waste

What are the main parts of the circulatory system? a. Heart, vessels, and lungs b. Heart, vessels, and blood c. Lungs, heart, and kidneys

b. Heart, vessels, and blood

What part of blood is made mostly of water (90%) with proteins, dissolved gases, minerals, vitamins, nutrients, hormones, and wastes. a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells and platelets c. Plasma

c. Plasma

What percentage of healthy blood is made of red blood cells? a. 55% b. <1% c. 45%

c. 45%

What is another name for white blood cells and what is their primary function? a. Leukocytes; immunity b. Leukocytes; carrying oxygen c. Thrombocytes; immunity

a. Leukocytes; immunity

What is another name for red blood cells and what is their primary function? a. Leukocytes; carry oxygen b. Erythrocytes; carry oxygen c. Erythrocytes; coagulation

b. Erythrocytes; carry oxygen

What is another name for platelets and what do they do? a. Erythrocytes; coagulation b. Leukocytes; immunity c. Thrombocytes; coagulation

c. Thrombocytes; coagulation

Name the blood vessel being described: Tiny vessels a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

c. Capillary

Name the blood vessel being described: Carry blood toward the heart a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

b. Vein

Name the blood vessel being described: Primarily carry oxygenated blood a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

a. Artery

Name the blood vessel being described: Carry blood away from the heart a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

a. Artery

Name the blood vessel being described: Site of gas, nutrient and waste exchange a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

c. Capillary

Name the blood vessel being described: Tend to be muscular to maintain blood pressure a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

a. Artery

Name the blood vessel being described: Primarily carry deoxygenated blood a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

b. Vein

Name the blood vessel being described: Contain valves to ensure one way flow of blood a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary

b. Vein

As the atria contract, they push blood into the _____. a. Systemic circulation b. Ventricles c. Vena cava

b. Ventricles

During a heartbeat, the heart relaxes allowing what to happen? a. Blood to be pushed into the aorta b. The ventricles to fill with blood c. The atria to fill with blood

c. The atria to fill with blood

As the ventricles contract, the left ventricle pushes blood into the _____ and the right ventricle pushes blood into the _____. a. Pulmonary vein; aorta b. Aorta; pulmonary artery c. Inferior vena cava; superior vena cava

b. Aorta; pulmonary artery

The _____ circulation brings freshly oxygenated blood to the body. a. Systemic b. Pulmonary

a. Systemic

The _____ circulation brings CO2 and picks up O2 from the lungs. a. Systemic b. Pulmonary c. Digestive

b. Pulmonary

FINAL EXAM :)))) Flashcards

(296 cards)