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Question 1

Gregor Mendel

Answer 1

Father of genetics; discovered inheritance patterns using pea plants.

Question 2

Principle of Segregation

Answer 2

Alleles separate during gamete formation; offspring receive one from each parent.

Question 3

Dominant Trait

Answer 3

Expressed in hybrids; masks the recessive allele.

Question 4

Recessive Trait

Answer 4

Masked by dominant; only expressed when two copies are present.

Question 5

Monohybrid Cross

Answer 5

Cross involving one contrasting trait.

Question 6

Genotype

Answer 6

Genetic makeup (e.g., GG, Gg, gg).

Question 7

Phenotype

Answer 7

Physical expression of a trait.

Question 8

Alleles

Answer 8

Different forms of a gene controlling the same trait.

Question 9

F1 Generation

Answer 9

First generation offspring from two parent plants.

Question 10

F2 Generation

Answer 10

Second generation produced by self-pollinating F1; 3:1 ratio usually observed.

Question 11

Punnett Square

Answer 11

Tool used to predict genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring.

Question 12

Pedigree

Answer 12

Family tree showing inheritance of traits.

Question 13

Carrier

Answer 13

Individual with one recessive allele who does not show the trait.

Question 14

Albinism

Answer 14

Lack of melanin; homozygous recessive condition.

Question 15

Dominant Example

Answer 15

Huntington’s Disease – passed with one allele.

Question 16

Recessive Example

Answer 16

Phenylketonuria (PKU) – skips generations.

Question 17

Autosomal Inheritance

Answer 17

Traits controlled by genes on chromosomes 1–22 (not sex chromosomes).

Question 18

Dominant Autosomal Disorders

Answer 18

Need only one allele to show disease (e.g., Huntington’s).

Question 19

Recessive Autosomal Disorders

Answer 19

Require two recessive alleles; carriers show no symptoms.

Question 20

Consanguineous Marriage

Answer 20

Marriage between relatives increases risk of recessive disorders.

Question 21

PKU

Answer 21

Recessive disorder; lack of enzyme converting phenylalanine to tyrosine; managed by diet.

Question 22

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 22

Recessive disorder; thick mucus and lung issues; 1 in 25 Australians are carriers.

Question 23

Sex-linked Traits

Answer 23

Traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosome.

Question 24

Hemizygous

Answer 24

Males with one X allele for a sex-linked trait.

Question 25

Carrier (X-linked)

Answer 25

Female with one recessive X allele who doesn’t show the condition.

Question 26

Red-Green Colour Blindness

Answer 26

X-linked recessive; males affected more often.

Question 27

Haemophilia

Answer 27

X-linked recessive disorder; blood doesn’t clot properly.

Question 28

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 28

X-linked disorder causing muscle wasting.

Question 29

Inheritance Pattern

Answer 29

Fathers pass X-linked traits to daughters, not sons.

Question 30

Co-Dominance

Answer 30

Both alleles expressed equally (e.g., MN blood type).

Question 31

Multiple Alleles

Answer 31

More than two alleles for a gene (e.g., ABO blood group).

Question 32

Polymorphism

Answer 32

Many physical forms from the same gene location.

Question 33

Contraception

Answer 33

Methods preventing fertilisation or pregnancy.

Question 34

Abstinence

Answer 34

Not having sex; 100% effective.

Question 35

Natural Methods

Answer 35

Use body signals to avoid fertile periods (e.g., rhythm, temperature).

Question 36

Mechanical Methods

Answer 36

Physically block sperm (e.g., condoms, diaphragms).

Question 37

Chemical Methods

Answer 37

Spermicides destroy sperm; used with barriers.

Question 38

Hormonal Methods

Answer 38

Prevent ovulation (e.g., pill, injection, implant, ring).

Question 39

Combined Pill

Answer 39

Oestrogen + progesterone; prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus.

Question 40

Mini Pill

Answer 40

Progesterone-only pill; thickens mucus, alters uterus lining.

Question 41

Depo-Provera

Answer 41

12-week hormone injection.

Question 42

Implanon

Answer 42

3-year hormonal implant in arm.

Question 43

NuvaRing

Answer 43

Vaginal ring releasing hormones for 3 weeks.

Question 44

IUD

Answer 44

Intrauterine device; hormonal or copper; long-term contraception.

Question 45

Emergency Contraception

Answer 45

Morning-after pill; effective up to 72 hrs after sex.

Question 46

Vasectomy

Answer 46

Male sterilisation; cuts vas deferens.

Question 47

Tubal Ligation

Answer 47

Female sterilisation; cuts uterine tubes.

Question 48

Ethical Issues

Answer 48

Religious and moral debates over artificial contraception and abortion.