Emotion Flashcards by modi Aldosari

Responsible for storage/retrieval of memories, especially ones tied to emotions (serves as control for basic
emotion and drives)

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Hippo wearing a HAT.

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Hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus.

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Limbic System

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sensory relay station, everything you hear/taste/etc. end up in

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sensory relay station, everything you hear/taste/etc. end up in
thalamus, which directs them to appropriate areas in cortex.

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Thalamus

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Emotions contingent on senses.

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Smell is only one that bypasses the thalamus – goes to areas closer to amygdala.

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Thalamus

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aka aggression center.

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Amygdala

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If you stimulate amygdala, produces anger/violence and fear/anxiety.

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If you destroy it, get mellowing effect.

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bilateral destruction of amygdala, can result in hyperorality (put things in mouth a
lot), hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior.

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key role in forming new memories. Convert short to long-term memory.

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If destroyed, still have old memories intact, just can’t make new ones.

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for limbic system, it regulates the ANS (fight or flight vs. rest and digest).

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Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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Hippocampus

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Hypothalamus

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Emotions: Cerebral Hemispheres and Prefrontal Cortex

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One way is in terms of the L and R hemispheres.

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evoke more activity on left side,

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evoke more activity on right side.

Positive emotions

negative emotions

Little kids playing in group – more social kids had more activity in left hemisphere, and isolated kids more activity in right.

More positive, cheerful people had more activity in left, more depressed and timid had more in right

Dividing into functional divisions – focus on prefrontal cortex

Responsible for many higher-order functions, everything that distinguishes humans.

solve problems, make decisions, how you act in social situations.

Ex. Phineas Gage had iron rod penetrate his prefrontal cortex. After incident, rude and rough, behaved inappropriately.

Executive control

Physiological changes that occur which aren’t under your control due to the ANS.

Has 2 branches – sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).

pupils dilate, decrease in salivation, increase respiration/heart rate/glucose release/adrenaline, decrease in digestion

pupils constrict, decrease respiratory rate/heart rate, increase glucose storage, decrease in adrenaline, increase digestion.

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

subjective experiences accompanied by physiological, behavioural, and cognitive changes. All interrelated

Emotions

when surprised HR increase, muscles tense, temperature increase.

vary person to person, they’re mental assessments that can include thoughts and assessments of situation. Cognitive experiences result from emotions, and can cause emotions.

emotions may bring about behaviours.

Emotions are temporary, and can be negative or positive. Also vary in intensity. They’re involuntary.

found 6 universal emotions identified by everyone around the world

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger and surprise. Consistent expressions across culture.

hypothesized ability to understand emotion is an innate ability that allowed them better survival.

Physiological

Cognitive

Behavioural

Paul Ekman

Darwin

Emotion is made of 3 components: cognitive, physiological, and behavioural responses. Which come first?

Theories of Emotion

Physiologically based) experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological responses.

Ex. Holding pet cat, increased HR/neurotransmitters/smile, then happiness. When sad, don’t cry because you’re sad, you’re sad because you cry.

Ex. physiological arousal followed by aggressive emotions (not simultaneous)

Physiological à Emotion

James-Lange theory

disagreed with James-Lange, noticed many different emotions had same physiological responses. Believed physiological response and emotion occurred simultaneously.

Simultaneously experience arousal and aggression

Cannon-Bard theory –

physiological and cognitive responses simultaneously form emotion. We don’t feel emotion until we’re able to identify reason for situation.

Arousal and interpretation of arousal leads to aggressive emotion.

Physiological + Cognitive à Emotion

Schachter-Singer –

experience of emotion depends on how the situation is appraised (labelled).

Lazarus Theory

Stimulus à labelling situation (cognitive) à emotion + physiological response.

How we label event is based on cultural/individual differences.

Interpretation of event leads to arousal and aggression

Cognitive à Emotion + Physiological

Lazarus Theory

Cognitive à Emotion + Physiological

People perform best when they are moderately aroused

the Yerkes-Dodson Law

Defined as people tend to perform at their optimum ability when they are moderately emotionally stimulated

Extremely emotional or non-emotional people are less likely to perform their best

Strain that experienced when an organism’s equilibrium is disrupted

What is Stress?

Ex. There is a stressor (source of stress) such as a dog, and the stress reaction (bunny’s physical and emotional response). Stress is the process encompassing both.

Stress arises less from actual events & more from our cognitive interpretation of events – appraisal theory of stress.

evaluating for presence of a potential threat.

3 categories of response to this primary appraisal – irrelevant, benign (positive), stressful (negative).

• If primary appraisal is negative, move forward with secondary appraisal.

assessing capability to cope with the threat or to deal with stressor.

Appraisal of harm, threat, and challenge (how to overcome it).

Primary appraisal –

Secondary appraisal –

4 major categories of stressors.

ex. Death of loved one, loss of job, having children, leaving home, etc.

cyclone appears.

long store lines, forgetting car keys, etc.

Perceivable, but hard to control. Noise, crowding. Can impact us without us being aware of them.

Significant life changes

Catastrophic events –

Daily hassles –

Ambient stressors

Responding to Stress

nuclear structures in the midbrain composed of nerve fibers going to and from higher brain centers, which controls our arousal and alertness levels

Reticular activating system –

cerebral peduncle, corpora qudrigemina, and cerebral aqueduct

Midbrain

Stressors like threats and dangers trigger our fight or flight system – the sympathetic nervous system.

Inc. heart rate and respiration (more energy + oxygen), increased peripheral vasoconstriction (push more blood to our core area – harder to live without blood), and turn off digestion/immune/etc.

adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine, and cortisol

sometimes better response to stress is to have support systems.

important for this – peer bonding. Oxytocin is strongly linked to estrogen, so why this response is stronger in women.

Endocrine response

Tend and befriend r

Oxytocin

Distinct stages of stress – general adaptation syndrome, 3 phases.

stress kicks in, heart races.

fleeing, huddling, etc. Bathed in cortisol.

if resistance isn’t followed by recovery, our tissues become damaged and we become susceptible to illness.

Alarm phase

Resistance

Exhaustion

Physical Effects of Stress

Increased blood pressure, blood vessels distend, so they build up more muscle and become more rigid. Can lead to hypertension and vascular disease (disease of blood vessels – get damaged with higher force of blood movement). Spots attract fat and narrow blood vessels. Worst place to experience this is coronary arteries – coronary artery disease.

During stress, body secretes cortisol and glucagon, which converts glycogen to glucose.

If stress is psychosocial, we don’t need all this extra glucose, which can exacerbate metabolic conditions like diabetes.

Metabolism

Reproduction huge energy expense in women, so this gets shut down during stress response. Impotence is also often caused by stress.

Reproductive

Causes inflammation – acute stress can lead to overuse of immune system. Can attack our own body.

2 areas of brain with most glucocorticoid receptors are the hippocampus and frontal cortex

Hippocampus is associated with learning and memory.

Frontal cortex is responsible for impulse control, reasoning, etc. Atrophy during chronic stress.

One of major emotional responses of stress is depression (problem is anhedonia – inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stressors).

you learn from having control ripped out of hands that you don’t have control, so lose ability to identify coping mechanisms because taking less control of outcome of your life.

Learned helplessness –

Stress is associated with increased vulnerability to heart disease. Type A is easily angered individuals, and Type B others. Those who had heart attacks later were mostly type A.

centers on amygdala. Amygdala has to do with our fears and phobias, fits in perfectly with response to stress. Perceive more things as fearful.

lots of terrible options for relieving stress, ex. Alcohol, tobacco, etc. Impairment to frontal cortex (reasoning), so impaired judgement can increase likelihood of inappropriate coping mechanisms.

Anger

Anxiety

Addiction

many studies show lack of control associated with higher stress. Look for areas of life where you can take back some control.

Perceived control -

Optimism

one of best coping mechanisms of stress. Helps us understand we’re not alone in stress, which helps our perceived control and optimism.

Social support

Managing stress

regular exercise requires control

helps us lower our heart rate, BP, and cholesterol.

generally healthier lifestyle, social support.

perspective change is huge in our perception of what is stressing us out. Good way is working with counselor.

Exercise

Meditation

Religious beliefs/faith

Cognitive Flexibility –

Brain includes cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres, brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla), and cerebellum.

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain. Forebrain becomes cerebrum, midbrain becomes midbrain, and hindbrain becomes pons/medulla/cerebellum

motor (control of skeletal muscle), sensory (the senses), automatic (reflexes)

Basic

cognition (thinking), emotions (feelings), and consciousness

Higher

efferent neurons of the PNS, control skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle cells it contacts is the other end of the motor unit. Form a neuromuscular junction.

Lower motor neurons –

Abnormalities can occur in the motor unit – weakness.

Abnormalities of lower motor neurons can cause the lower motor neuron signs (LMN signs), which can happen in addition to weakness.

atrophy

fasciculations

hypotonia

hyporeflexia

involuntary twitches of skeletal muscle

decrease in tone of skeletal muscle – how much muscle is contracted when person is relaxed),

decreased muscle stretch reflex)

includes 5 main ones - position sense, vibration, touch, pain, temperature.

Somatosensation

mechanoreceptors

nociceptors

thermoreceptors

Position + vibration + touch =

One of differences between two types is how big their axons are – position/vibration/touch receptors have large diameter axons. Have thick myelin sheath. Fast.

Rest have small diameter axons. Slower.

Touch is both. Fine touch travels in fast neurons, less precise info travels in slower ones.

Many receptors found in the skin such as mechanoreceptors, one type close to skin, another type lower. Also some in deep tissue, deep in muscle that detects stretch. One sin muscle important for position, while ones in skin are imp for vibration/touch.

Pain and temperature receptors end in uncovered terminals, don’t have big structures like mechanoreceptors.

Receptors send info down afferent axons

Reflexes have 2 parts – afferent (stimulus) and efferent (response).

causes a muscle to contact after it’s stretched, as a protective response.

involuntary response of leg kicking out. The hammer hits the tendon right below the knee cap, which hooks onto the lower leg bone on one end, and a large group of upper muscles on the other. Muscles are called muscle spindles.

afferent) in muscle spindles form excitatory synapse in spinal cord with another neuron in the spinal cord, which sends axon out back to same muscle that was stretched, and excite skeletal muscle cells to contract – lower motor neurons (efferent).

Muscle on underside of leg are inhibited when the topside of leg is excited. Necessary for reflex to occur.

Somatosensory neurons (

Knee jerk response

contains most of the neuron somas.

In spinal cord, grey is on inside and white matter on outside.

For brain, different. White on inside and grey on outside. Axons go down tracts of white matter.

Gray matter contains most of the neuron somas.

LMNs control muscles of limbs and trunk, while LMNs that pass through cranial nerves control muscles of head and neck.

Found in the cerebral cortex, and synapse on LMNs in the brainstem or spinal cord.

Can divide them into tracts depending if they go to brainstem, or spinal cord.

UMN starts in cerebral cortex, axon travels down through brainstem, and where it meets the spinal cord most of these axons cross and travel down other side until they reach LMN. This collection of axons is called the corticospinal tract.

If it goes to brainstem, called corticobulbar tract

increase in the muscle stretch reflexes.

Cause is unclear, but when muscle spindle receptors are activated, without periodic stimulation of LMNs by UMNs, they become hypersensitive and you get bigger reflex.

Hyperreflexia

rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle.

Clonus

Ex. Foot goes involuntarily up and down. Cause is hyperflexia, because if doctor pulls on foot activates muscle stretch reflex, so triggers antagonist muscles.

increased tone of skeletal muscles.

if you take a hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor – toes will come down on the object. But with extensor, toes extend up.

Hypertonia

Extensor Plantar Response – if

Somatosensory information travels in different pathways. In general, 2 big categories:

• 1) position sense, vibration sense, and fine touch

pain, temperature, gross touch

Deliver info to spinal cord.

Spinal cord carries info to the brain in one of the tracts. Crosses other side immediately, then goes to cerebrum.

- It is why injury to one side of brain often results in damage to other side

Overview of the Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

motor, prefrontal, Broca’s area

somatosensory cortex, spatial manipulation

vision, “striate cortex”

sound, Wernicke’s area

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe –

Occipital lobe –

Temporal cortex

Emotion Flashcards

(227 cards)