1
Q
proposes our brains are similar to computers. We get input from environment,
process it, and output decisions.
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2
Q
Information processing model
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3
Q
First stage is getting the input – occurs in sensory memory (sensory register). Temporary register of all senses
you’re taking in.
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4
Q
You have iconic (what you see, lasts half a second) and echoic (what you hear, lasts 3-4 seconds) memory
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5
Q
what you’re thinking about at the moment.
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6
Q
any words + numbers in both iconic and echoic memory
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7
Q
Is processed in the phonological loop.
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8
Q
Need coordination of the two – the central executive fills that role.
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9
Q
Creates an integrated representation that stores it in the episodic buffer to be stored in long-term memory.
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10
Q
Verbal inf
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11
Q
Visual + verbal info
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12
Q
are processed in the visuo-spatial sketchpad
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13
Q
Visual + spatial info
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14
Q
can hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of info at a time. Why phone #s are 7 digits long.
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15
Q
Magic number 7
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16
Q
Explains the serial position effect (primacy and recency effects)
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17
Q
says it’s easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone.
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18
Q
e dual coding hypothesis
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19
Q
imagine moving through a familiar place and in each place leaving a visual
representation of topic to be remembered.
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20
Q
Can use the method of loci
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21
Q
Capacity is unlimited. 2 main categories: explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-
declarative).
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22
Q
Final stage is long-term memory.
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23
Q
are facts/events you can clearly describe.
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24
Q
Anytime you take vocabulary test or state capitals you’re using semantic memory (has to do with words). So
remembering simple facts.
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25
Second type is episodic memory (event-related memories).
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Explicit Memory (Declarative)
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involve things you may not articulate – such as riding a bicycle, procedural
memories.
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Implicit memories (Non-declarative) i
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previous experiences influence current interpretation of an event.
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Other is priming
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transferring sensory information into memory.
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Encoding
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If you want to remember more than 7 things, need to process that info so it stays in long-term memory.
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You say same thing over again.
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Least effecive
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we group info we’re getting into meaningful categories we already know.
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imagery (crazier the better), pegword system (verbal anchors like words that rhyme with
the number – 1 is gun), method of loci (tying info to locations), acronym
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think about new info and how it relates to you personally.
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Also preparing to teach – learning it as if to teach it to someone else (putting more effort into understanding + organizing info)
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spreading out studying to shorter periods.
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Encoding
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Rote rehearsa
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Chunking
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Mnemonic Devices
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Self-referencing
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Spacing
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prior activation of nodes/associations, often without our awareness.
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Ex. hearing apple and asked to name word starting with A
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the environment you encode and take the test.
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Scuba divers who learned and tested on same place scored better than learned in one place and took test in
another.
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But not always the case, if you can’t take test in same place studying in different places gives you diff cues
for retrieval – so multiple cues that will help you.
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your state at the moment.
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Ex. If you learn something while drunk you’ll remember next time you’re drunk. Or combining a mood with
an advertisement – next time you’re in that mood will remember the product.
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Priming
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Context
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State-dependent Memory –
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Anytime you pull something out of long-term memory, you’re engaging in retrieval.
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no cues in recalling.
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Better recalling first items on a list (primacy) as well as last few (recency). Harder in middle.
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Curve is called the serial position curve/effect
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give you “pl” for “planet”.
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Get more retrieval cues, tend to do better than free recall.
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best out of the 3 tests.
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Present two words, and say which one you heard.
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Free recall -
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Cued recall –
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Recognition
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Brain doesn’t save memories exactly. Every time we retrieve a memory we change it in small ways, according to our
goals/mood/environment. Or due to our own desires. If gap brain fills it in with something desirable.
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Sometimes information we retrieve is based on a schema - mental blueprint containing common aspects of
world, instead of reality.
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inaccurate recollections of an event.
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False information
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observed video of car crash, and asked how fast cars were going. Some people got
word “hit” and some got “smash”. If people received “smashed”, more likely to say there was glass on the
ground.
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Misleading information
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False information
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memory error where source of memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific
recollected experience (when people recall information they often forget the information’s source) –
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• Ex. angry with someone but forgot it happened in a dream. Or recognize someone but don’t know from where.
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can be positive or negative
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Highly vivid memories are called flashbulb memories – even if they seem as real as life, still susceptible to
reconstruction.
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Source monitoring Error
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Emotional memories
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Brain doesn’t grow new cells to store memories – connections between neurons strengthen. Called long-term
potentiation, one example of synaptic plasticity.
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Neurons communicate using electrochemical signals – through synapse. Pre-synaptic neurons release
neurotransmitters on post-synaptic neurons, allowing Na and Ca to flow in. Dif in charge between outside
and inside is the potential.
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With repeated stimulation, the same pre-synaptic neuron converts into greater post-synaptic neuron – stronger
synapse, and when it lasts longer called long-term potentiation. This is learning!
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when we don’t encode something well or don’t retrieve it for a while, we can’t at all anymore. Connections
become weaker over time. Initial rate of forgetting is high but levels off over time.
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was first investigator of decay. Found his rate of forgetting very fast, but if he remembered it
after initial stage it levelled out.
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Just because you can’t retrieve something doesn’t mean it’s completely gone – relearning. Even if Ebbinghaus
couldn’t reproduce everything, took less time to learn list second time around. Called savings.
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Works with procedural skills too – ex. With piano.
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Ebbinghaus
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Decay
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is the problem though – 2 types:
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new learning impairs old info (ex. Writing new address)
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something you learned in past impairs learning in future (Ex. New password).
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Retroactive
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Proactive
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interference
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implicit memory (ex. riding a bike), and recognition.
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semantic memories improve around age 60, so older adults have better verbal skills. Also crystallized
IQ (ability to use knowledge and experience). Also emotional reasoning.
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recall, episodic memories (forming new memories is difficult, old memories stable), processing speed,
and divided attention. Also prospective memory (remembering to do things in future) is decreased.
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Stable
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Improve
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Decline
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Aging and Cognitive Abilities
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forgetting to point of interfering with normal life – results from excessive damage to brain tissue,
ex. From strokes.
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Most common form is Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurons die off over time. Earliest symptoms are memory loss,
attention, planning, semantic memory, and abstract thinking. As it progresses, more severe language
difficulties and greater memory loss, emotional stability and loss of bodily functions. Cause is unknown –
have buildup of amyloid plaques in brain.
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caused by lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine. Caused by malnutrition, eating disorders, and
especially alcoholism.
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converts carbohydrates into glucose cells need for energy. Imp for neurons.
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Damage to certain areas causes poor balance, abnormal eye movements, confusion, and memory loss. At
this stage called Wernicke’s encephalopathy – precursor to KS. If diagnosed in time can prevent further damage. If untreated, will progress to Korsakoff’s. Main symptom is severe memory loss, accompanied by confabulation (patients make up stories to fill in memories).
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Treatment is healthy diet, abstain from alcohol, take vitamins, and relearn things.
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Thiamine
110
Korsakoff’s Syndrome –
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inability to recall info previously encoded,
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inability to encode
new memories.
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anterograde amnesia
114
Retrograde amnesia
The lazy OCD
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
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Processing the Environment260
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Taste and Smell299
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memory0
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memory0
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memory114
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Cognition191
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Emotion227
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Motivation and Attitudes220
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Theory324
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Socialization404
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Social Influences150
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Social Perception – Primacy and Recency Bias500
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Rational Choice Theory and Exchange Theory249
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Social Movements189
