What are the 3 factors that regulate hormone release?
Chemical, hormonal or neutral
What are some organs in the endocrine system? (name 3 or more)
Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, adrenal, ovary/testes
Describe negative feedback loop and give one example.
Decreases the instability of something going on in the body.
Example: blood sugar regulation, BP,
Describe positive feedback loop in the body.
Give an example
Increases the dysregulation.
Examples: birth, bleeding
Describe direct effects of a hormone
Obvious changes in cell function from stimulation by a hormone
Describe permissive effects of a hormone
Less obvious, hormone-induced changes that maximize the response or functioning of cell
Where are cell’s hormone receptors located?
In the plasma membrane or the intracellular compartment
What are some causes of target cell failure? (Know the two main categories and understand how they happen)
Cell surface receptor disorders:
Decreased number of receptors, impaired receptor function, presence of antibodies against receptors, antibodies that mimic hormone action, unusual expression of receptor function.
Intracellular disorders:
Defects in post receptor signaling cascades
Inadequate synthesis of second messanger
What are the 2 causes of T1D?
Idiopathic which is less common
Autoimmune which is more common
What are the 3 main clinical manifestations of T1D?
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyuria (excessive urine)
Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
What are general manifestations of T1D?
Weight loss, fatigue, prolonged wound healing, visual changes, cardiovascular changes, increased hunger, thirst and urination
What are some lab changes seen with T1D? (Metabolic associated)
Ketones in blood and urine, metabolic acidosis (DKA), unstable bloodsugar, high A1C
What are some risk factors for developing T1D?
Family history of T1D, young age (T1D normally occurs in children or teens)
What are some risk factors for developing T2D?
Obesity, family Hx, metabolic syndrome, physical inactivity
Describe the pathophysiology of T1D
The body attacks the beta cells in the pancreases, then the pancreas can no longer produce insulin
Describe the pathophysiology of T2D
Insulin resistance/suboptimal insulin response in insulin-sensitive tissues. Can be due to pathway issues or receptor issues.
Why is obesity a risk factor for T2D?
Adipose tissues produce excessive hormones that increases inflammation which decreases insulin sensitivity.
Elevated levels of fatty acids interfere with insulin signaling
Increased release of cytokines (cytotoxic and increases insulin resistance)
Decreases insulin receptor density
What are the manifestations of T2D?
Fatigue, itchiness, reoccurring infection, visual changes, neuropathy, dyslipidemia, hypertension, vessel changes
What effect do ketones have on serum bicarb levels?
Reduces them
What are S/S of hypoglycemia?
Disorientation, anxiety, decreased responsiveness, decreased BP, increased HR
Is T1D or T2D more likely to experience DKA?
T1D because they don’t produce insulin which puts them at a higher risk for high blood glucose
What are some factors that increase risk for DKA?
Infection, stress, insufficient insulin dosage, infection, diet changes, alcohol intake, exercise
What are some S/S of DKA?
Hyperglycemia, acidosis, ketonuria, hyperventilation, thirst, rapid weak and thready pulse, low BP, decreased urine output
