Pathophysiology I > Resp > Flashcards

Resp Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is minute volume?

A

Ventilatory rate multiplied by volume of air per breath

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2
Q

What 3 types receptors respond to change in the body and alter breathing?

A

Respiratory center
Chemoreceptors
Lung receptors

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps of gas transport?

A

Ventilation of lungs
Diffusion of O2 from the alveoli into capillary blood
Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
Diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into cells

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4
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High CO2

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5
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Decrease O2 levels

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6
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Low CO2 levels

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7
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing

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8
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Dyspnea when laying flat

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9
Q

What is the range for acute cough?

A

Equal to or less than 2-3 weeks

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10
Q

What is the range for chronic/persistent cough?

A

More than 2-3 weeks

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11
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

Bloody secretions

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12
Q

What are causes of chest wall restriction?

A

Deformation, immobilization and obesity

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13
Q

What are causes of flail chest?

A

Fracture of ribs and/or sternum

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14
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Presence of air in pleural space that disrupts negative pressure system. Can be caused by rupture of pleura and/or chest-wall

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15
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pneumothorax?

A

Pain, tachypnea, dyspnea, absent/decreased breath sounds, trachea deviation, hypotension

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16
Q

What is primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax?

A

Unexpected in healthy individuals, spontaneous rupture of blebs

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17
Q

What is open (communicating) pneumothorax?

A

Air pressure in pleural space equals barometric pressure (D/T air drawn into space is forced out during expiration)

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18
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

One way valve in pleural space allowing air in but not to escape. Pressure increases and increases causing displacement of organs and structures (LIFE THREATENING)

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19
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Fluid in the pleural space

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20
Q

What is transudative effusion?

A

Watery fluid in the pleural space

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21
Q

What is exudative effusion?

A

WBC/plasma fluid in the pleural space

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22
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

Blood in the pleural space

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23
Q

What is empyema?

A

Infected pleural effusion

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24
Q

What is chylothorax?

A

Milky fluid in the pleural space (fat or lymph)

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25
What are clinical manifestations of a pleural effusion?
Smaller effusions are also asymptomatic. Larger effusions: dyspnea, pleural pain, decreased or absent breath sounds, dull percussion, pleural friction rub, compression atelectasis
26
What is aspiration?
Passage of fluid and/or solid particles into the lungs
27
What are S/S of aspiration?
Choking, intractable cough, fever, dyspnea, wheezing
28
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of lung tissue
29
What is compression atelectasis?
External pressure causing the alveolar to collapse
30
What is absorption atelectasis?
Removal of air from obstructed alveoli or inhalation of concentrated O2 (sorta like a shock to the alveoli from having shit O2 for awhile to now having not shit O2)
31
What is surfactant impairment atelectasis?
Alveoli collapse caused by decreased production or inactivation of surfactant (common in premies, mechanical ventilation and in ARDS)
32
What is bronchiectasis?
Persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi. Causes mucus buildup (most commonly cause by CF)
33
What is bronchiolitis?
Inflammatory obstruction of the small airways/bronchioles
34
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
Excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lungs causing them to be stiff. Commonly caused by infections, inhalation of harmful substances or autoimmune disorders
35
What is pulmonary edema?
Excessive fluid in the lungs commonly caused by a dysregulation in drainage/pressure (CHF, injury, lymphatic blockage)
36
What is ALI?
Acute lung injury
37
What is acute bronchitis?
Acute infection/inflammation of the bronchi. Commonly caused by a viral illness.
38
What is pneumonia?
Lower resp. infection
39
What is the most common bacteria in pneumonia infections?
Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
40
What are tubercle material?
Lesions caused by TB infections
41
What are the S/S of latent TB?
None - asymptomatic
42
What are the S/S of active TB?
Fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, fever, cough with purulent sputum, night sweats, anxiety, dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis
43
What are some obstructive lung disorders?
Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD
44
What are the two conditions making up the class of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
45
With an obstructive lung disease is it worse on inspiration or expiration?
Expiration
46
What is the patho of asthma?
Exposure to antigens initiates immune response Think inflammation cascade
47
When does a late asthmatic response occur?
4-8 hours after early response
48
True or false: COPD is self-limiting
False, COPD causes irreversible and progressive damage to the lungs
49
What is chronic bronchitis?
Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that lasts 3 months of the year for at least 2 years
50
Chronic bronchitis affects which structures first?
The larger bronchi and then spreads to all airways
51
What is the patho of chronic bronchitis?
Obstruction in airways narrow and collapse, causing air to be trapped. Decreased tidal volume, hypoventilation, hypercapnea
52
What is emphysema?
Abnormal and permanent enlargement of alveoli. Destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis
53
What is primary type emphysema?
With a generic link/inherited
54
What is secondary type emphysema?
Exposure to aggravating agents (smoking, infectious agents, silicas, dusts)
55
True or false: bronchitis won't show up on a chest x-ray
True Pneumonia will though
56
What is the patho of emphysema?
Damage to alveoli D/T breakdown of elastin in lung cells, causes blebs
57
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Blockage in the blood flow to the lungs
58
What are the S/S of PE?
Sudden onset of chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, anxiety Can have syncope and hemoptysis Can cause shock and death
59
What is PE without infarction?
Embolism that does not cause permanent damage
60
What is PE with infarction?
PE that can cause death of lung tissue
61
What is Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH)?
Blocked or narrowed blood vessels that cause high BP in the lungs. Can be structural or due to overproduction of vasoconstrictors
62
What is ABG?
Arterial blood gas, checks O2, CO2, bicarbonate and serum pH
63
What is spirometry?
Type of pulmonary function test. Checks pulmonary volumes and airflow times
64
What is oximetry?
Measuring of O2 sats
65
How do we use radiography in Dx resp. conditions?
(Xray and CT) Helps check for tumors and infections
66
What is bronchoscopy used for?
Perform biopsies, remove food particles, examine tissues for lesions or bleeding
67
How are C&S used for resp. conditions?
Testing sputum for pathogens and antimicrobial sensitivities
68
What pleuritic pain?
Pain from the lungs
69
Pathophysiology I
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