Pathophysiology I > Week Two > Flashcards

Week Two Flashcards

Immunity, inflammation, stress and disease. WBC & RBC (70 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the decrease of WBC called?

A

Leukopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the increase of WBC called

A

Leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 types of WBC?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
(No More Evil Little Monkeys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What WBC are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
(No Evil Bananas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What WBC are agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
(Lame Monkeys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is most common WBC?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T (cellular immunity)
B (Humoral immunity, makes antibodies)
Natural Killer (Cytotoxic against cancer and virus infected cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do macrophages develop from?

A

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 2 chemicals secreted by macrophages?

A

Monokins and interleukins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are antigens?

A

Things that activate the immune system to produce specific anitbodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are antibodies produced by?

A

B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is nonspecific (innate) immunity?
First and second?

A

First is mechanical barriers and secretion (skin, stomach acid, coughing)
Second: phagocytosis, inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is specific (adaptive) response? (Third defence)

A

Antibodies or cell-medicated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First and second line of immune defense is what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal flora is considered what line of dence?

A

First/innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 plasma protein systems?

A

Complement system
Clotting system
Kinin system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Summarize the plasma protein complement system

A

Neutrophils, monocytes (maco) and mast cells activate, neutrophils perform phagocytosis, macrophages leave the bloodstream to perform phagocytosis, histamine causes increase permeability for WBC to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Summarize the plasma protein clotting system

A

Thrombonin activates to become fibrogen which breaks down into fibrin and fibrinopeptides. Fibrin becomes clots. Fibrogenpeptides increase the inflammatory response to bring in more neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Summarize the plasma protein kinin system

A

Injured cells release bradykinin which causes contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels dilate, pain receptors activate, increases vascular permeability and activates inflammatory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are inflammatory cells?

A

WBC - specifically neurotrophils and monocytes. Mast cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Activates and regulates cells during inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Produced by macrophages and lymphocytes. Can aid or hinder inflammation depending on the type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the tumour necrosis factor (alpha)?
Secreted by macrophages and induces fever. Can cause muscle wasting
26
What are interferons?
Produced and released by virally infected host cells. Interacts and fights with viruses
27
What are mast cells?
Found mostly in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels around the whole body. Similar to basophils. Secrete histamines.
28
What is degranulation?
Breakdown of cell content
29
What is systhesis?
Production and release of mediations in response to stimulus
30
What are the 2 roles of mast cells?
Degranulation (attracts neutrophils and eosinophils) Synthesis (pain, platelet activation, vascular effects)
31
What is the endothelium?
Basement compartment of underlying connective tissue
32
What cells perform phagocytosis?
Neutrophils (first and most prevalent) Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes and macrophages Dendritic cells (not as important to memorize at this time)
33
Describe phagocytosis
Cell ingests and disposes of foreign material
34
What do natural killer cells do?
Type of lymphocyte, differentiates between what cells are meant to be in the body and which ones are not
35
What is acute inflammation?
Happens right away, self-limiting, local manifestation (heat, swelling, redness, pain and exudative fluids)
36
What are 4 types of exudative fluids?
Serous Fibrinous Purulent Hemorrhagic
37
What is erythrocyte sediment rate (ESR)?
How quickly RBC separate. Normally it's slow but when there is inflammation the RBC cluster and sink faster
38
What is C-reactive protein (CPR)?
Made in the liver and normally not detectible, higher means inflammation somewhere
39
What is chronic inflammation?
Lasts 2+ weeks, often happens due to unsuccessful acute response
40
What are the 4 steps of wound healing?
Regeneration Resolution Repair Healing (RRRH)
41
What happens in regeneration?
Damaged tissue is replaced with healthy tissue
42
What happens during resolution?
Tissue begins to return to the original structure and function
43
What happens during repair?
Scar tissue forms
44
What happens during healing?
Wounds fills, heals and shrinks
45
What are some factors that contribute to dysfunctional wound healing?
Diabetes, obesity, infection, malnutrition, smoking
46
What are 3 examples of dysfunctional wound healing?
Keloids (hypertrophic) Dehiscence Contracture
47
What is active immunity? (Adaptive)
Natural: natural exposure to antigen and development of antibodies Artificial: immunizations
48
What is passive immunity? (Adaptive)
Natural: mother to fetus (milk and placenta) Passive: Antibody injection
49
What is humoral immunity?
Produced by B lymphocytes which produces antibodies
50
What is cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes attack non-self cells and stimulates other leukocytes
51
What is another word for antibodies?
Immunoglobulins
52
What is direct antibody function?
Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation
53
What is indirect antibody function?
Inflammation, phagocytosis, complement
54
What is clonal diversity?
The differentiation of immune cells
55
Where do B cells develop?
Bone marrow (B for bone)
56
Where to T cells develop?
Thymus (T for thymus)
57
Humoral immunity involves which lymphocytes?
B cells and plasma cells
58
Cellular immunity involves which lymphocytes?
T cells
59
How do flu shots work?
Exposure during primary response allows the body to develop antigens (lock) to kill the infectious agent. When secondary exposure happens the body already has the antigens (lock) to kill the infectious agent.
60
What are T-helper cells?
Helps immunocompetent T and B to mature
61
What are superantigens?
Produced by certain bacteria FOLLOW UP
62
What are T-cytotoxic cells?
Cells that focus on killing cancer or virus cells
63
How does stress impact homeostasis?
Increased cortisol secretion which affects pretty much everything (blood glucose, protein metabolism, tissue repair, inflammation...)
64
What are some reactions from prolonged stress?
Headache, ulcers in the mouth, gastrointestinal ulcers, infection
65
What are some factors that influence infection?
Communicability (ability to spread from person to person) Infectivity (ability to invade and multiply) Virulence (severity) Pathogenicity (ability to produce disease) Toxigenicity (ability to produce toxins) Portal of entry (how it infects)
66
What is mycosis?
Disease caused by fungus
67
What are 3 types of hypersensitivity?
Allergy (Type I) Autoimmunity Alloimmunity
68
What is alloimmunity?
Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
69
Describe antigens
Foreign substances that trigger an immune response
70
Define antibodies
Proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize their matching antigens
Pathophysiology I
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions