Endocrine System Flashcards by Rachel Catania

the endocrine system sends out hormones that control, integrate, and coordinate _____ AND ______

CELL ACTIVITIES
ORGAN FUNCTION

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define gland

cells that secrete or excrete materials not related to their ordinary metabolic needs

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What does the ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depend on

the presence of specific receptiors for that hormone on or in the target cell

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WHat is a “permissive” hormone

a certain hormone must be present in order for another hormone to exert its full effect hormone

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diffrence between tropic and tropHic hormone

tropic is like a messenger and trophic is messenger AND wellness

tropic- targets another endocrine gland to make it release its hormone

trophic-causes growth, nourishment, or maitnence of the target tissue

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What are the three classes of hormones?

Amines
peptide/ protien
steriods

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In the autonomic nervous system, what are the 2 paths in between a nerve in a hormone?

adrenal medulla

ganglion then endocrine gland cell

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In the hypothalamus, what are the 2 different pitstops in between a nerve in a hormone?

anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary

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Give an example of how a change in plasma concentration directly causes a negitive feedback loop

plasma substance levels change (glucose increases) which stimulates an endocrine cell (beta cell) which secretes insilin which brings plasma concentration back

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Explain the endocrine disorder: hyporesponsiveness

Decreased responsiveness of target cells to hormone

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Explain the endocrine disorder: hyperesponsiveness

Increased responsiveness of target cells to hormone

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The thyroid allows __(neurotransmitter)____ to release ________ from adipose

E
fatty acids

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What is an example of a hormone needing to be activated by metabolism to go to a target cell?

Pro insulin being activated into insulin

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What inputs Act on Endocrine Gland Cells to effect Secretion

NH IN: no hoes in glands
Ions, nutrients,
neurotransmitters, hormones

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What’s the difference between the hypothalamus anterior and posterior pituitary?

hypothalamus influenced by ____

ant- receives a hypophysiotropic hormones from hypothalamus then makes and releases own hormones

post-
releases hormones made in the hypothalamus

Hypothalamus – receive stimulatory and inhibitory inputs,

circadian influence

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Oxytocin action

involved in the milk ejection
reflex of lactation, uterine contractions
during childbirth, and emotional bonding

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VASOPRESSiN (ANTiDiURETiC
HORMONE): action

blood vessel constriction &water balance

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WHere is oxytocin stored

post pituitary

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WHere is vasopressin (ADH) stored

post pituitary

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Explain the three step process of sending a hypophysiotropic hormone to the anterior pituitary

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What is the one exception to the 3 step process rule of sending a hypophysiotropic hormone to the anterior pituitary?

dopamine

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how does a feedback looop contribute to the process of sending a hypophysiotropic hormone to the anterior pituitary

Negative feedback loop keeps the final gland in check by inhibiting hypophysiotropic and anterior pituitary hormones

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Where is growth hormone releasing hormone

hypothalamus

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where is Growth Hormone–Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin (SST) found

hypothalamus

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Where is thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) found?

hypothalamus

where is corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) found?

hypothalamus

Where is prolactin releasing factor (PIH) found aka Dopamine found?

hypothalamus

WHat 2 hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize

ADH and oxytocin

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulated secretion of ____

ACTH

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates secretion of ___

TSH

Growth hormone releasing hormone (pick one- stimulates OR INHIBITS? secretion of ?

Stimulates GH

Gondaotrophin releasing hormone stimulates secretion of ___ and ___

LH an FSH

DA inhibits secretion of _____

prolactin

DA stimulates secretion of __

trick question the notes only hace inhibiting prolactin

An increase in DA would inhibit ____

prolactin

a decrease of DA would ______ prolactin

upregulate

PAthway of a thyroid hormone

TRH TSH T3 T4

metabolic actions of the thyroid (2) contribute to ___

permissive actions of thyroid

permissive on carecholamines (E NE DA) Uppercase catecholamine, receptors, indirectly increasing E NE DA

GROWTH and development actions of thyroid

T3 si req for growth hormone

thyroid effects on CNS development

Explain hypothyroidism -due to -smpotms -most common

Weight gain, cold, lethargic, mental fatigue Hashimoto's

explain hyperthyroidism -most common -cause -sympotoms

Graves Heat sensitivity, weight loss Increased appetite, heart rate, tremors, nervous

What is goiter & cause

large thyroid gland from excess TSH and an iodine deficiency

where does cortisol get released from

adrenal cortex

Where does E get released from

adrenal medulla

4 functions of cortisol

mcgi -metabolic (put glucose into blood) -sends E and NE to smooth muscle -growth/ fetel development -anti-inflammatory

Why is cortisol referred to as a glucocorticoid?

it has metabolic enzymes required to produce glucose between meals which prevents low glucose concentrations

What can you expect from the blood glucose levels of someone on a glucocorticoid?

high

Why do athletes get cortisol injections?

antiinflammitory (decreases capillary, permeability, and production of prostaglandins)

Disease with low cortisol adrenal insufficiency?

Autoimmune attack on adrenal glands main one is called Addison's disease

MOI of addisons disease

Decrease in aldosterone, which creates a sodium potassium and water imbalance

What is cushing syndrome

high cortisol

give an example of a secondary cause of Cushing syndrome

ACTH secreting tumor of the interior, pituitary gland

name a couple symptoms of cushing syndrome

land on a mob of fish as a cushion -FISHMOB Fat redistribution Immunosuppression Skin bruises, thin Hypertension Muscle weakness Osteoprosis Blood sugar

from the stress signal to target cell, walk through the 5 step pathway of cortisol

-stress -hypothalamus release CRH -anterior pituitary releases ACTH -adrenal cortex releases cortisol -cortisol goes to target cells negative feedback- hypothalamus and pituitary stops release

vasopressin and aldostrone function

retain water and Na

Beta endorphin function

pain killing effects

explain runners high

run-> stresses body ->beta endorphins= runners high

mineralocorticoids function

regulates fluid and electrolyte levels

endocrine control of growth vs hight

growth- cell division and protein synthesis height- determined by bone growth

list the hormones most important for growth

growth, insulin, t3, sex, cortisol: GH Insulin thyroid testosterone estrogen cortisol (inhibit)

when does growth max what age

Growth hormone actions

stimulates cell division, protein synthesis, and IGF1 reduces ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake (causing high blood glucose)

what is IGF 1 and where is it secreted from?

liver, worker of GH

specifically how does GH cause high blood glucose

-reduces ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by releasing fatty acids into blood -> stimulating gluconeogenisis

GH pathway (4)

stimulus (exercise, stress, fasting, low blood sugar, sleep) -hypothalamus increases growth hormone releasing hormone & decreases SST (somatostatin) -ant pituitary release GH -liver and other cells increase IGF 1 (does the work of GH)

what 2 hormones does the pancreas produce

glucagon- (increase blood glucose) insulin- (decrease blood glucose )

What does somatostatin normally block

GH feedback loops (2)

too much IGF 1= shuts down GH and GHRH and turns up SST

what are the 3 effector sites of Ca2+

main- bones determine Ca output- kidneys determine Ca intake- GI tract

6 hormones that favor bone formation and increased bone mass

growth - growth, insulin, t3, sex, cortisol everything but instead of cortisol its calcitonin

3 hormones that favor bone resorption and decreased bone mass

PTH cortisol T3 (thyroid hormone)

explain calcitonin - blood Ca level -__ hormone secreated by ___

makes blood Ca go down Peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells- diff than thyroid follicles

explain PTH (__ to blood ca)

mkaes blood ca go up -too little ca in blood so inhibits osteocytes which makes blood ca go up

where does PTH come from (anatomy)

glands in neck (on phyrynx)

what is the activated form on vitamin D

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin d

how does vitamin d become activated

goes through liver and kidneys

Why does a fall risk get supplied vitamin D?

To increase calcium so they won’t fracture if they fall

explain how PTH acts on the kidneys, bones, and GI tract

kidneys- decrease urine excretion bones- increase reabsorbtion GI tract- increase absorbtion into blood

explain rickets

in children- mineralization of bone matrix is deficient, causing the bones to be soft and easily fractured Vitamin D deficiency is the major cause

explain OSTEOMALACiA

same as ricket sbut in adults - mineralization of bone matrix is deficient, causing the bones to be soft and easily fractured Vitamin D deficiency is the major cause

hypercalcemia cause

a lot of parathyroid gland function, some cancer, too much vitamin d

hypercalcemia symptoms

tired, lethargy, neusea and vomiting

hypocalcemia cause

hypoparathyroidism (loss of gland function) pseudohypoparathyroidism (resist PTH) secoundary hyperparathyroidism (fail to absorb vitamin d or decrease kidney function)

what is pseudohypoparathyroidism

(resistence to PTH in target tissue despite normal levels)

hypocalcemia symptoms

nerve and muscle excitiabilty, leading to seizures, spasm, etc.

what is hypocalcemic tetany

muscle spasm from hyopcalcemia

endocrine vs exocrine

endo-puts hormones into blood exo- puts things outside bod through ducts

What is the solubility of peptide/protein hormones?

Water-soluble

How do peptide/protein hormones travel in the blood?

Free/unbound in plasma

Where are the receptors for peptide/protein hormones located?

Plasma membrane

How do peptide/protein hormones act?

Through second messengers or receptor enzymes; fast (minutes)

What is the solubility of Amines – Catecholamines hormones?

Water-soluble

How do Amines – Catecholamines hormones travel in the blood?

Free/unbound in plasma

Where are the receptors for Amines – Catecholamines hormones located?

Plasma membrane

How do Amines – Catecholamines hormones act?

Through second messengers or receptor enzymes; fast (minutes)

What is the solubility of Amines – Thyroid hormones?

Lipid-soluble

How do Amines – Thyroid Hormones travel in the blood?

Mostly protein-bound; only free fraction is active

Where are the receptors for Amines – Thyroid Hormones located?

Intracellular (nuclear or cytoplasmic)

How do Amines – Thyroid Hormones act?

By altering gene transcription; slow (hours–days)

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

Lipid-soluble

How do steroid hormones travel in the blood?

Mostly protein-bound; only free fraction is active

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones located?

Intracellular (nuclear or cytoplasmic)

How do steroid hormones act?

By altering gene transcription; slow (hours–days)

Endocrine System Flashcards

week 1 (105 cards)