1
Q
what are GERM CELLS
A
developing GAMETES
2
Q
Male gene
A
XY
3
Q
Female gene
A
XX
4
Q
meiosis va mitosis
A
5
Q
In mitosis, __ chromosomes duplicate forming spirmary ____ and _____ before meiosis beings
A
46
spermatocyte
osteocyte
6
Q
Explain the male female journey in utero by weeks
A
0-6: m and f are identical
7: SRY gene (in Y chromosome) turns on and says make testes, testes realese hormones from there
11:ovaries develop
7
Q
What embryotic structure do BOTH testes and overaies come from
A
urogenital ridge
8
Q
what 4 things does cholesterol turn into
A
“gonaldal sex hormones”
progesterone
estrogen
androgens (DHT, moreestrogen)
9
Q
what happens to GnRH after it gets released?
A
goes to anterior pituitary
releases gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
FSH-> sertoli cells & stimulat granulosa cells
LH-? Leydig cells & stimulate theca cells (which make androgens )
10
Q
how is a sperm made
A
LH stimulates leydig cells makes testosterone
FSH stimulates sertoli cells protects developing sperm
mitosis
primary (meiosis)
secondary
spermatids
sperm cells
11
Q
Where is sperm made
A
seminiferous tubercles
12
Q
where does the ejaculatory juct empty into
A
urethra
13
Q
what type of reflex is ejaculation
A
spinal
14
Q
what neuro thing mediated ejaculaiton
A
afferent pathways from penile mechanoreceptors
15
Q
ejaculation sympathetic or parasympatheic?
A
sympathetic
16
Q
when does a man hit puberty
A
12-16 years old
17
Q
first signs of pubery
A
public and axillary hair
18
Q
what does the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis do
A
controls pubery and secoundary sexual characteristics in men
19
Q
what is andropause
A
-40 years
-steady decrease in testostrone
-decreased libido (Sex drive) less motile sperm , depression
20
Q
What barrier do Sertoli cells provide?
A
A: Blood-testes barrier to protect sperm from chemicals in plasma.
21
Q
What is one of the main functions of Sertoli cells for sperm?
A
A: Nourish developing sperm.
22
Q
What fluid do Sertoli cells secrete, and what does it contain?
A
Luminal fluid containing androgen-binding protein
23
Q
How do Sertoli cells respond to testosterone and FSH?
A
Secrete paracrine agents that stimulate sperm proliferation and differentiation
24
Q
What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete that inhibits FSH?
A
Inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion from the pituitary
25
How do Sertoli cells influence Leydig cells?
Secrete paracrine agents that affect Leydig cell function
26
What do Sertoli cells do with defective sperm?
Phagocytize (remove) defective sperm
27
What role does testosterone play in spermatogenesis?
Required for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis
27
What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete during embryonic life, and what does it do?
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which causes the female duct system (Müllerian ducts) to regress
28
How does testosterone affect GnRH?
Decreases GnRH secretion via an action on the hypothalamus
29
How does testosterone affect LH? Inhibit or progress it?
Inhibits LH secretion via a direct action on the anterior pituitary gland
30
What effect does testosterone have on male accessory reproductive organs?
Induces differentiation and maintains their function
31
how does testosterone affect bone?
Stimulates protein anabolism, bone growth, and cessation of bone growth
32
How does testosterone affect erythropoietin?
Stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys
33
What is an oocyte
immature egg inside overy
34
What do granulosa cells do for the oocyte?
Nourish the oocyte
35
What chemical messengers do granulosa cells secrete? (What does the messenger influence)
Secrete messengers that influence the oocyte and theca cells
36
What role do granulosa cells play in follicle development?
Site of action for estrogen and FSH during early and middle follicular phases
37
What enzyme do granulosa cells express, and what does it do?
Aromatase → converts androgens (from theca cells) into estrogen
38
What hormone do granulosa cells secrete to regulate FSH?
Inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion from the pituitary
39
What happens to granulosa cells after ovulation?
Cells remaining after follicle rupture form the corpus luteum
40
What hormone change occurs after the LH surge due to granulosa cells?
They release progesterone and decrease estrogen
41
What is the role of LH on granulosa cells?
Site of action for LH to induce ovulation and corpus luteum formation
42
4 phases of the menstral cycle
MFOL
1-5 menstral
7-12 follicular
14- ovulation
15-28 luteal
43
During which phase does the uterine lining shed, and why does this happen?
progesterone and estrogen drop after corpus luteum degeneration.
44
What stimulates the growth of follicles at the beginning of the cycle?
FSH stimulates follicle growth.
45
Why is estrogen important during the follicular phase?
Estrogen thickens the endometrium to prepare for possible implantation.
46
What hormonal change triggers ovulation?
The LH surge (helped by a smaller rise in FSH and high estrogen levels).
47
What role does inhibin play during the follicular phase?
Inhibin suppresses FSH to prevent too many follicles from developing.
48
What is the main hormone of the luteal phase, and what is its role?
Progesterone — it stabilizes and maintains the endometrium for possible implantation.
49
Why does menstruation occur if no pregnancy happens?
The corpus luteum degenerates → progesterone and estrogen fall → endometrium breaks down and is shed
50
If fertilization occurs, what prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating?
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) from the developing embryo maintains the corpus luteum, keeping progesterone high.
51
Why is FSH lower during the luteal phase even though follicles could grow?
Because high progesterone and inhibin provide negative feedback, preventing new follicles from maturing.
52
Which hormone spikes dramatically at ovulation (day ~14)?
LH — the LH surge is the main trigger for ovulation.
53
Which hormone has a smaller peak at ovulation along with LH?
FSH — helps final follicle maturation and supports ovulation.
54
Which hormone rises gradually during the follicular phase and peaks just before ovulation?
Estrogen — thickens the endometrium and signals for the LH surge.
55
What is the main hormone of the luteal phase (days 15–25)?
Progesterone — secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the endometrium.
56
What happens to estrogen and progesterone if no pregnancy occurs?
Both drop at the end of the luteal phase (days 25–28), causing menstruation.
57
When is FSH at its highest besides the small ovulation peak?
Early in the menstrual phase (days 1–5), to recruit new follicles as the corpus luteum degenerates.
58
Which hormone provides negative feedback to keep only one follicle dominant?
Inhibin, secreted by granulosa cells, suppresses FSH.
59
What hormonal event prevents new follicles from developing during the luteal phase?
High progesterone + inhibin from the corpus luteum provide negative feedback on FSH.
60
WHAT does inhibin do
inhibit FSH
61
what is the corpus luteum
A hormone-secreting structure that develops in the ovary after ovulation.
62
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
It degenerates after a few days.
63
What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?
Estrogen and progesterone.
64
What stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete hormones?
Low but adequate levels of LH.
65
Why are estrogen and progesterone important in the luteal phase?
They increase plasma concentrations to maintain the endometrium.
66
What does low estrogen do in the early/mid follicular phase?
Low estrogen sends negative feedback to the pituitary and hypothalamus → lowers FSH and LH.
👉 This prevents too many follicles from maturing at once.
67
What does high estrogen do right before ovulation?
High estrogen flips to positive feedback → pituitary releases a big surge of LH (and some FSH).
👉 This LH surge triggers ovulation.
68
What happens when estrogen stays high but progesterone is also present (luteal phase or pregnancy)?
Together, estrogen + progesterone give strong negative feedback → pituitary is shut down, no new LH or FSH surges.
👉 This prevents another ovulation while the body prepares for pregnancy.
69
What role does inhibin play in doominent follicule?
Granulosa cells release inhibin, which specifically lowers FSH secretion.
👉 This helps make sure only the dominant follicle continues to grow.
70
when does puberty happen for females
10-12 years
71
MENARCHE
the first menstration
72
PRECOCiOUS PUBERTY?
caused by?
ptrmature apperance of secoundary sec characteristics cause by early increase in gonadal steroid porduciton
73
PERiMENOPAUSE
before 12 months in menopause
74
what is menopause due to
ovarian faliure
DECREASE iN PLASMA CONCENTRATiONS
OF ESTROGEN AND iNHiBiN (but pituitary stil work)
75
does estrogen stimulate growth or destruciotion on the ovary and follicles?
Stimulates growth of the ovary and follicles.
76
How does estrogen affect the reproductive tract?
Stimulates growth of smooth muscle and epithelial linings.
77
How does estrogen affect the fallopian tubes?
Increases contractions and ciliary activity.
78
What Increases myometrial contractions, responsiveness to oxytocin, watery cervical mucus, and prepares endometrium for progesterone.
Estrogen
79
How does estrogen affect the vagina?
Increases layering of epithelial cells.
80
How does estrogen affect external genitalia?
Stimulates growth, especially during puberty.
81
What vascular effect occurs if estrogen is deficient?
Hot flashes.
82
What feedback effects does estrogen have?
Acts on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
83
What is the main role of progesterone on the endometrium?
Converts estrogen-primed endometrium into an actively secreting tissue for embryo implantation.
84
How does progesterone affect cervical mucus?
Makes it thick and sticky.
85
How does progesterone affect contractions?
Decreases contractions of fallopian tubes and myometrium.
86
How does progesterone affect vaginal cells?
Decreases proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells
87
How does progesterone affect the breasts?
Stimulates growth, particularly of glandular tissue.
88
What does progesterone do to prolactin’s effects?
Inhibits milk-inducing effects of prolactin.
89
What feedback effects does progesterone have?
Acts on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
90
What effect does progesterone have on body temperature?
Increases body temperature.
91
what is capacitation
92
how fertilization happens
5-7 dyas
93
what is a blastocyst? trophoblast?
94
how does an IUD work
prevents implantation of blastocyte
95
how does a birth control pill work
-supress LH surge
-thickens cervical
mucus
- Alters endometrium
96
What hormones does the placenta secrete during pregnancy?
Estrogen, progesterone, hCG, inhibin, human placental lactogen, and others
97
What does the anterior pituitary gland do in pregnancy?
increased prolactin secretion; secretes very little FSH and LH
98
What does the adrenal cortex do in pregnancy?
Increases secretion of aldosterone and cortisol
99
What does the hypothalamus/posterior pituitary do in pregnancy?
Increases secretion of vasopressin
100
What do the parathyroid glands do in pregnancy?
Increase secretion of parathyroid hormone
101
What changes occur in the kidneys during pregnancy?
Increased renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D hormone; retain salt and water
102
How do the breasts change in pregnancy?
Enlarge and develop mature glandular structure
Cause: estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, human placental lactogen
103
What happens to blood volume in pregnancy?
Increased — plasma increases more than red cells, so hematocrit slightly decreases
104
What happens to bone turnover in pregnancy?
Increased due to parathyroid hormone and vitamin D hormone
105
what happens to circulation in pregnancy?
Cardiac output increases, resistance decreases, MAP stays the same
106
What happens to respiration in pregnancy?
Hyperventilation → arterial CO₂ decreases (due to progesterone)
107
What happens to organic metabolism in pregnancy?
Metabolic rate increases (glucose, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid mobilization)
Cause: insulin resistance from placental lactogen + cortisol
108
What happens to nutritional RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowance) in pregnancy?
Increased
Clin med
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Opioid meds52
-
Pain Pathways26
-
Mental Health78
-
Pain Science52
-
Skeletal Muscle Tissue84
-
Smooth Muscle Tissue26
-
Cardiac Muscle Tissue24
-
Bone physiology and healing33
-
osteoporosis meds18
-
spasticity & meds19
-
Endocrine System105
-
Pancreas, metabolism, and other glands56
-
Diabetes & meds77
-
Reproductive system109
-
Immune system0
-
Endocrine System pharm24
-
Final245
