1
Q
GHRH -> ___
A
turns on GH
2
Q
SST (aka GHIH)-> ___
A
inhibits GH
3
Q
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)-> _____
A
turns on ACRH-> turns on cortisol
4
Q
TRH -> ___
A
turns on TSH-> turns on T4 & T3
5
Q
GnRH -> ___
A
turns on LH & FSH
6
Q
DA-> __
A
inhibits procactin
7
Q
soma goes into anterior or postrior pituitary
A
posterior
8
Q
posteiror pituitary hormones
A
oxytocin
ADH
9
Q
hypophysiotrophic is anterior or posterior piturary
A
anterior
10
Q
peptide/ protien:
water or lipid soluble
free or protien bound
where does it act
how does it act
A
water soluble
free (unbound)
plasma membrane
2nd messenger (fast)
11
Q
amine (catecholmine):
water or lipid soluble
free or protien bound
where does it act
how does it act
A
water soluble
free (unbound)
plasma membrane
2nd messenger (fast)
12
Q
amine (thyroid):
water or lipid soluble
free or protien bound
where does it act
how does it act
A
lipid soluble
protein bound
intracellular
alter gene (slow)
13
Q
steroids:
water or lipid soluble
free or protien bound
where does it act
how does it act
A
lipid soluble
protein bound
intracellular
alter gene (slow)
14
Q
Thyroid funcition
A
metabolic: E release fatty acid from adipose, (increasing= calorigenic effect),
also increases NE and DA
GH, CNS growth (bone reabsorb)
15
Q
oxytocin function
A
milk ejection, lactation, uterine contractions, emotional bonding
16
Q
vasopressin (ADH) function
A
blood vessel constriction, water balence
17
Q
hypothyroidism
A
iodine deficiency, fat, cold, lethargic, fatigued
18
Q
hyperthyroidism
A
graves disease
hot, skinny, tremor, nervous
increases HR and apitite
19
Q
PTH function
A
increases lood Ca (bone reabsorb)
20
Q
calcitonin function
A
decreases blood ca (bone build)
peptide
secreted by parafollicular in thhhyroid
21
Q
what does vitamin D do to calcium
A
increases it
22
Q
in someone with osteoprosis what do blasts and clasts do
A
decrease blasts (build) increase clasts
23
Q
insulin bone building or destorying? protien function?
A
building, protien synthesis
24
Q
estrogen stimulates
A
GH for bone building
25
GH function with insulin
bone, protein, secrete IGF, cell division
ANTI INSULIN
26
what is IGF-1
insilin like growth factor, "worker" of GH
27
GH stimulates metabolic functions:
gluconeogensis and lipolysos (spares glucpose in muscle and fat so brain gets priority)
28
vasopressin and aldostrone
retain H2O and Na
29
glucocorticoids function
glucose, regulate stress
30
cortisol metabolic functions function
stimulates gluconeogenisis & lipolysis for steady fuel during chronic stress
spares glucose and fat so brain gets priority
also E and NE to smooth muscle, antiinflammitory, protien, bone, and fetel development
31
what inhibits GH
cotisol
32
what inhibts insilin
GH
33
hypercalcemia sympotoms
tired, lethargy, muscle weak, GI
34
hypocalcemia cause
hypo/2ndary hyper thyroid
symtoms seizure m spasm, neuron excited
35
too much cortisol dx and sympotms
cushing syndrome
FISHMOB
Fat distribution
I- antiinflmaitory
Skin bruse
Htn
M weak
Osteoprosis
Blood sugar
36
too little cortisol dx and sympotms- decrease in _[_
addisions dsease
decrease in aldostrone
bronze skin
weight loss
hair
37
glycogenolysos where?
liver
38
gluconeogenesis where?
liver, kidney
39
lipolysis where?
brain
40
glucagone
opposite of insulin, shuts insulin down
41
what metabolic functions does E stimulate
glycofenolysis and gluconeogenisis
42
alpha cells secrete
glucagone
43
beta cells secrete
insilin
44
delta cells secrete
SST/ GHIH
45
most energy is put off in
heat
46
what happens to insulin during exercise
bod doesnt wanna store it wants to use it so it decreases
47
what is fasting hpoglycemia
BAD, excess insulin
48
explin insulin resistence vs insulin sensitivity
bod makes insulin cells dont respond
sensitivity- Your cells respond well to insulin, A small amount of insulin moves a lot of glucose into cells.
49
prediabetes and dm amount for:
fasting glucose:
2 hr:
random plasma:
HbA1c:
fasting glucose: 100-125 >126
2 hr: 140-199 >200
random plasma: 125 or lower >200
HbA1c: 5.7-6.4% >6.5
50
Type 2 DM rosk factors
relative, AA/NA/ asian/ polyneisn, BMI, 45 old, hx, cigerette, HTN, hyperlipidemida
51
Type 2 DM sympotoms short term
thirst/ increase in urine
gradual
microvascular damage (blurred vision, enuropathy, nonhealing wounds)
52
Type 2 DM sympotoms long term
RUN PR:
reinopathy (eye)
foot ulcer (kidney increases risk)
Nephropathy (renel)
peripheral neuropathy
autonomic (cardio- HR!)
nonhealing wounds
53
exercise DM pt
AVOID HIGH INTENSITY BC PRESSURE IN EYE
54
pathogenisis DM
55
bolus vs basal
bolus- bowl of food (correction/ sliding scale)
basal- base/ backgorund 24 hr 2x day
56
note that i did not put meds in here
57
endometriosis
tissue outside uterus
low back pain, infertility, dyhsuria (urgent)
goal preserve tissue and pain relief
58
PCOS what meds?
follicules never ovulated never tuened into corprus luteum (cycts in overy)
DM meds
59
uterine fibroids
m growth on uterus
hysterectomy- reomve uterus
myomectomy remove fibroisds
uterine fibroid embolism (block blood)
muscular asymitry
60
benign prostate hyperplasia
big [prastate increase in cells not hypertropby
pee insures
androgenic blockers decreases smooth muscle tension, ADT
61
ectopic/ tubal preg
EMERGNECY
-from delayed ovum transport, motility decfrease, anatomical abnormality , std, hx, iud
symptom: irregular blleding, mass, preg symptoms
TUBUAL OR OVERY
62
endocrine function of:
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreus
thyroid: metabolism
parathyroid: calcium
adrenal: fight/ flight
pancreus: blood sugar
63
what 2 hormones come out of the posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin
ADH
64
hyper anterior pituitary gland is called:
gitantism/acromegaly
MSK, hypergly, big heart
65
SST analogue is for
hyper anterior pituitary gland
66
hypo anterior pituitary gland symptoms
short, hypogly, lethargy, gonadal failure, vision problems
67
what med is desmopression for
hypo anterior pituitary gland s
its ADH/ vasopression which decreases water excretion
AE dry mouth and low sodium
68
adrenal gland medulla and cortex hormones
medulla- E, NE
cortex- steriods (andreo, anabolic/ androgenic)
69
steroids- what is andreo vs anabolic/ androgenic?
70
hypo adreno (low cortisol) dx
addisions disease
71
how can someone get secoundary addisons disease
take too many corticosteroids
72
what are hydrocortisone and prednisone for and exercise precautions?
a glucocoriocoid for addisons disease
increase med when exercise (stress=high cortisol=more med)
73
what is flldrocortisone for
mineralcorticoid, decreases potassium also increase med exercise
74
hyper mineralcorticoid (aldosterone) symptoms & med
symptoms: nocturnal polyuria, polydipsia, parasthesis, HTN, weak
med: spironlactone
75
androgen (testosterone) defficency
testicular faliure, decrease GhRH
pubic hair, low energy, anemia, osteoprosis
76
excess androgen (testosterone) in woman
lots of hair (hirsutsism), PCOS, acne
increaase of LH decrease of FSH
obese, DM
77
hypothyroidism disease is called ___ and symtoms
hashimotos
symptoms: increase TSH decrease T3+4
hypO- cOld
78
hashimotos med & PERCAUTIONS
levo AVOID OVEREXERTION
decreases bone density
79
Hyperthyroidism disease is called ___
graves
increase in t3 and 4
sweat/ nervy
HYPERTHYROID STOMR IS AN EMERGENCY (BIG EYE)
80
Hyperthyroidism MED
RADIACTIVE IODINE
81
5 muscle functions of the pelvic floor
sex
support
stability
sphintertic
sump pump (move fluid)
82
postural urinary incont
insensible urinary incont
coital urinary incont
sit to stand
insensible: not aware (nerve damage)
cotial- sex
83
nocturia vs nocturnal enciresis
nocturnal enciresis is involentary
nocturia is waking up to pee
84
fecel incontinence risk factors
hx, neuro, cog iompair, over 7-, poor mobility, perineal tear, radiation
85
anal sphincter weakness nerve and when do u get weak (3)
pudendal vaginal delivery (so foreceps, fat baby, long labor all risk factors)
86
parts of a kegal
anus close
perineum lift
penuts shorten/ clit drawdown
coccyz contracts
87
etiology overactive bladder: bad ___ m, eat low ___ food
bad detrusser m, eat low acid food
88
pregnancy ligaments
89
how long post partum impacts
6-12 weeks
90
what is duspareuria
sex pain
91
post partum red flags
fever, NV, bleed pain pee burn, low BP with abnormal HR, increase BP w HA vision urine low ab pain !!!
92
what m in med cant relax causing pain
bulbo and ischoicav
93
in pregnancy: relaxin ___increase/ decrease___ in
post partum:
increases 1st and 3rd trimester, softens tissue
post partum: gradual decrease
94
in pregnancy: estrogen ___
post partum:
gradully increases peaks in 3, supports uterus and breast growth
post partum: imediate decrease (depression)
95
in pregnancy: progestrone
post partum:
gradual increase, smooth m no contraction increase breath slow digenstive
post partum: imediate decrease (depression)
96
in pregnancy: prokactin
post partum:
increases in third semester
post partum: increase in breast feeding
97
in pregnancy: oxytocin
post partum:
gradual increase in 3rd peaks in labor contractions, monding
post partum: increase during breast feeding
98
in pregnanc- cortisol
gradual increase, stress
99
2 cells in the adaptive immune system
T (CD4&8) and B (antibodies)
100
are interferons part of the innate or adaptive immune system
inate
101
innate immune system recignises ___ on a ___ thru its flag/marrker (___)
carb/lipid
microbe
pathogen
102
what 3 things are in both the innate and adaptive immune system
macrophage
dendric (capture and present pathogens_
NKC
103
what does the complement system do
C3 COMPLEMENT ACTS AS AN OPOSOIN
pokes holes- MEMBRANE ATTCACK COMPLEX, oposoins (helps phago)
CHEMOTAXI
remmoves immune stuff so no cell damage
vasodialation/ increase permibility
104
eosinophils
hypersensitive/parasite
105
primary vs secoundary lyn[h
primary- naiive lymphocyte, bone marrow and thymus
secoundary- activated lymph
106
Type O blood has ___ antigens (can accept) abd ___ antibodies (give to)
neither A or B
BOTH
aka it cant accept any but can give to all (selfless)
107
A, B, and AB blood antigen and antibodoes
108
cytokine to macrophase
helper Ts
109
immunogoblins foem
T receptors and B receptors
T-> regulatory, cytotoxic, helper
B-> from activated plasma cell to antibody, memory B
110
explain APC and mHc
APC IS DENDRITIC CELL
111
differentiate regulator, cytotoxic, and helper T cells
regulatory: inhibit others, on membrane, diversity
cytotoxic: each is only attracted to 1 type of mHc, pathogen is endogenous
helper: release cytokines,
activate cytotoxic, B and NK,
APC->MACROPHAGE
go singal (costimulus)
112
antibody vs receptor
on cell surface- receptor
in the body- antibody
113
describe the diff classes of antibodies:
lgG
lgA
lgM
lgE
lgD
114
what are NK cells
not antigen specific, bind and attack!, full send/ unhinged/ no MHC or antibodies
VIRUS/ CANCER
115
active vs passive immunity
active- bod builds own defense
passive- transfer antibodies (mom/fetus)
116
explain how a bod might reject a graft
117
what happens in anaphylaxis/ who's responsible for?
mast releases large chem, decreases bp, vasodialation
BASOPHILS AND MAST CELLS RESPONSIBLE!!!
118
4 types of hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions
119
ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS CAN CAUSE
IRRIVERSIBLE GYN
120
WHAT DOES DIAPERS ACRYNYM DO
RULE OUT TRANSIENT CAUSES OF UI
121
NKC mainly target
BINDS TO TARGET CELLS AND MAINLY TARGET VIRUS INFECTED CELLS AND CANCER CELLS
122
LYSOSOMES IN MACROPHAAGES ALLOW FOR
BACTERIUM BREAKDOWN
123
oppertunisitc pathogen
only work on immuniocmp
123
what is a nosocimal infection
pt admitted for other reason get in hospital (UTI, respritory, surgical site)
124
C diff - fecel survive ___months , and treatment
5
stop antibiotics or fecel transplant
BLEECH, contact precautions!
watery diahhrea cramping ever
125
MRSA
LYSOL
direct contact antibiotic resistent staff
126
virus vs bacteria
virus- dependednt on host/ protien coat
bacteria- independent/ cell wall (cocci circle, bacilli line, spirilla spirals)
127
protozoa vs fungus vs prions
128
cycle from infectious agent to sucepatable hoadt
129
vehicle vs vector
vehicle= in water
vector- in air
130
antimicrobial vs antibacteria
microbial- against all the things vs bacteria is just bacteria
131
vaccines prevent viral diseases in __ state
carrier
132
vaccines get delieved in what form
inactivated, subunit, live, toxoid, MRNA, vector
133
malaria
mosqueto, liver, RBC, os meds must cencel hepatic and erythmic stages)
134
steps of virus into person
attach-?enters->uncodes DRNA -> replicates (protiens and nucleic acids), -> release burst or budds off
135
trypanosomiasis american vs african version
american- CHAGA- bug, cardiac gi
african- SLEEPING SICKNESS- coma, discoord
136
just read- fungi dangress for HIV pt (candiosis thrush pcp cypto watch out),
just read it
137
types of hepatiits
A, B, C, D, E
A-fecel, oral, no us yes vaccine
B-- STI, blood, vaccine
C- blood, needle
Dsatelite
E fecel oral acut
138
fungal/mycosis infection examples and risk factor
athletes foot, ringworm, old, fm, bums
139
most common types of cancer for M and F
M: prostate, lung, colon, urinary
F: breast, lung, colon, urinary
140
top 3 cancer risk factors
smoke, inactivity, obesity
141
metastatic cancer what modality to NOT do
ultrasound
142
leukemia is a cancer of
blood/ bone marrow, O2 comprimised
143
carcinoma is a cancer of
epithelial tissue
144
adencarcinoma is a cancer of
glandular tiissue
145
what is wilms tumor, merkel cell, and angiosarcoma cancers?
wilms- peds, kidney
merkel- skin (merkel cells)
angiosarcoma- blood vessles/ lymph
146
explain TNM for staging a tumor and the 5 grades
147
what is dhiscense
edges of incision seperate
148
oncology: neutropenic fever:
neutrophils- most abundant WBC
149
why exercise good for cancer pt
inhibit proliferation of cancer, induce apoptosis, regulate metabolism, regulate immunity
150
RNA travels through the
nuclear pore complex
150
thrombocytopenia is, adapt by ___
decreasing platlets (so not clotting)
adapt by using symptoms not values to guide decisions
151
proteome
all protiens from a genome
152
explain a histone, chromatin, and nucleosome
DNA gets wrapped over histones (the whole thing called a nucleosome) and the WHOLE thing is chromatin
153
2 types of chromatin euchromatin and heterchromatin
euchromatin- loose and active for transcription
heterchromatin- tight, inactive
154
Explain transcripation
DNA directed mRNA synthesis
155
Explain translation using TRNA, codon, anticodon, amino acid, poly ribosome, and chaperone protien
Protein synthesis
156
cellular path from mrna to lysosome or body include ubiquitin
157
how does gene DUPLICATION work?
Helicase chops through into 2 strands
158
what is cyclin d
protien that mvoes cell through cycle
159
what would happen if someone has too much telomerase
cells would divide indefinetly
160
what are teloMERES
mark end of DNA p53 acitvates cell death
161
G1 cell replication G2 and interphase
G1- NORMAL GROWTH
DNA REPLICATION
G2- FINAL GROWTH CHROMOSOMES FORM 2 CHROMATIDS COMBINED BY CENTROMERE
INTERPHASE- RNA MADE, CENTROSOMES REP
162
what happens with cycstic fibrosis
its autosomal recessivr, nacl cant move across membrne (pulm/GI)
163
3 epigenetics mechanisms
histone increases genes
ncRNA
mathylation decreases genes
164
huntingtons disease
165
sex linked diseases
166
PMAT
167
incomplete dominence, codomindence, polygenetic inheritence
168
what level would the myenteric plexua be at (GI)? smooth muscle? vascular? goblet?
muscularis
169
conjicated billiruben is (water or lipid) soluble
water
170
what does the negitive HCL feedback loop do in the gastric phase (to SST and gastrin)
decrease gastrin increase SST
171
vitamin and mineral defficency is most closely related to ___ disease
chrons
172
what cells make pepsin
chien-> pepsinogen
173
What do kupffer cells do
detoxify blood in hepatic system
174
churned food/ pastey material is called
chyme
175
what channels in GI __ voltage
Ca2+
176
bicarb/ H coming in and out of pancreus vs tummy
177
3 things that secrete juice in pancreus
amalyse (startch), trypsin (protien), lipase (triglycerides)
acinar cells
178
stages of digestion
cephelic vs gastric vs intestional
179
3 digestion reflexes
180
Explain how HCl is made
181
prox and distal small intestive things that make it contract
prox- contract
distal inhibit
182
liver jobs
detoxify blood, bile production, plasma protiens
183
hepatocytes, hepatic plate, hepatic sinisoid
184
billiruben path
185
what do bile salts do
break cholestrol emolsify fat
186
protien digestin
187
carb digestion
188
fat digestion
189
cholestrol values
LDL- lousy (bad cholestrol)- leaves cholesterol in organs
VLDL- (Very lousy cholestrol)- leaves cholesterol in organs
HDL- hero (good cholestrol), picks up from bloodstream and takes it back to the liver to get cleared out
190
positive energy balence vs negititve energy balence
positive- excess stored as fat
negitive- cal deficit
191
what has a higher turnover rate- protien fats or carbs
protien (150g/day)
192
high free radials cause (5)
ppl do little DANCOs now bc of AI
D-PDL: damage
A: apoptosis
N: neuro
C: CV
O: oxidative stress
A: aging
I: inflammation
193
triglycerides turn into ____
carbs turn into ______
fat for muscles (so muscles can increase or decrease depending on fatty acids
glycogen for brain
194
water soluble vitamins vs fat soluble vitamins
water: B and C
fat: E,K,D,A
195
what are the 3 diff types of B vitmains
and E,K,D,A vitamins?
196
what adipocytes are less sensitive to insilin (worse for u)
visceral
197
what happens to leptin, GH, and SNS during starvation
decreased:
-leptin (T3/4, metabolism)
-insulin
increased:
-GH
-SNS
198
decreased insulin sensitivity
DM
199
decreased resistence
DM
200
what happens to adipostatin, TNF, resistin/retinol obesity
decreased:
-adipostatin (insulin sensitivity)
increased:
-TNF (insulin resistence)
- resistin/ retinol (lowers insulin sensitivity)
201
leptin + high energy=
PMOC->MSH-> suppress hunger and increases energy expenditure
202
ghrelin + low energy=
NPY/AgRP-> decreases metabolism, hunger
203
CCK and PYY+FLP
CCK- satiety'PYY+GLP- decrease hunger
204
desribe energy metabolism in the absorbitive and postabsorb state
205
layers of the epidermis
Come Lets Get a SunBurn
Corneum- dead kerotin
Lucidium- thick skin
Granulosum- kerotin
Spinosum- (spiny reduce sheer)
Basale- stem, kerotin
206
what are melanocytes merkel and langerhans
melanocytes (pigment), decrease with aging
merkel
langerhans (attack foregin, deep) decrease with aging- makes person less immune (allergy)`
207
when you age decreased junction of basal cells makes
decrease in inflammatory
207
when you age decrease in sweat glands, n, and thick elasticity leads to
thermoregulation, pain, wrinkles and slow healing
207
what type of burn has an entry exit wound and effects multiple systems
electrical
208
what type of burn is called scald in children and flame in adults
theraml (exposure to hot objects)
209
What methos of acressing body surface area accounts for age and is more technical
lund browder method
209
Rule of 9s split? What degree would you use acessing TBSA (total body surface area) for?
secound degree +
210
what degree burns go into the epidermis and the dermis
2 and 3
211
diffrence in symptoms before 1st and 2nd degree burns
both are red and painful
1- dry
2-swollen, color/ shiney
212
diffrence between superficial and deep secound degree partial thickness burns? __ exposed, looks __ , days
superficial
- Papillary exposed, dermal appendages intact, moist, 7-20 days
deep
- reticular dermis exposed, waxy, pain may very bc of nerves, 21+ days
213
what degree burns do dressing changes start getting painful and blisters start forming ?
2
214
third degree burn symptoms
dry/ leathery, brown/yellow/white, nerve cut,
215
respiratory, renel effects of burns
HTN, decreased lung compliance, CO, shunt blood
respritory: pumlimary artery HTN, decreased lung complience, decreased cardiac output from low blood volume and catecholmines
renel: shunt blood
216
Why is electrolyte imbaleces an issue for burn victums
increased capillary permability, excretion of excess fluids
217
inhilation injury + ___ is fatal
staphyylocal septicedema
218
2 procedures done for IS fluid accumilation
escharotomy
fasciotomy (compartment syndrome)
219
what defines the emergent phase in wound healing
injury to capillary permeabiltiy
220
what defines the resucitation phase in wound healing
fluid resuscitation measures to capillary integrety returning to normal levels
221
what defines the acute phase in wound healing
hemodynamiclly stable and diuresis begins to wound closure
222
what is the parkland formula
amt of fluid in first 24 hours
223
what is an autograph
224
whats the difference between hypertrophic scars and keloid scars
raised above normla skin surface, related to colleogen growth and deposition breakdown :
hypertrophic-at time of injury
keloid- months/ years after injury
225
what is pruritus
itching
226
what is urticaria
hives
226
what 2 pathologys are modality and cream precautions listed
atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis
227
difference between atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis
atopic dermatitis-
contact dermatitis- delayed hypersensitivity, like eczema
227
what is xeroderma
dry, scaley, itchyness
228
how to fix incontinence assosiated dermatitis
clean, dry, protective barrier, change garmets, reduce ulcers
228
what pathology should you avoid tight sicks with
cellulitis
229
diffrence between cellulitis and herpes zoster/ shingles/ chicken pox
herpes is dormit until activated, its contagious and follows dermatomes
230
which pathology is also called strep pyco or staph
cellulitis
231
which pathology has contaact/ droplet precautions and req pain mea and neuraglia
herpes
232
when should you refer to a physician with cancer
after ANY change
233
what are seborrheic keratosis vs nevi (motes)
Benign tumors
seborrheic keratosis- basal, mid age, mult lesions
nevi-moles (melanocytes)
233
what premalignent tumor is high milignancy rate so follow up is important , can happen anywhere, scaley and well defined
bowen disease
233
what is acinic keratosis
Well defined sand paper, middle aged white man premalignent tumor
233
basal cell carcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma
both maligment tumors, sun
basal-, white peorson, rolled edges, treat with mohs surgery
squamous- poorly defined regions, usually head/ neck
233
ABCDEs of deteching melanoma
Clin med
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Opioid meds52
-
Pain Pathways26
-
Mental Health78
-
Pain Science52
-
Skeletal Muscle Tissue84
-
Smooth Muscle Tissue26
-
Cardiac Muscle Tissue24
-
Bone physiology and healing33
-
osteoporosis meds18
-
spasticity & meds19
-
Endocrine System105
-
Pancreas, metabolism, and other glands56
-
Diabetes & meds77
-
Reproductive system109
-
Immune system0
-
Endocrine System pharm24
-
Final245
