Patho Pharm I > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(37 cards)

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1
Q

Endocrine System

A

network of glands that produce + secret hormones –> travel through bloodstream to target organs or tissues

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2
Q

Hormones Regulate

A

growth + development
metabolism + energy balance
fluid + electrolyte balance
reproduction
stress repose

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control center
integrates signals from brain, body + environment + secretes releasing factors

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4
Q

Pituitary gland

A

responds to hypothalamic releasing factors by secreting tropic hormones –> endocrine glands

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5
Q

Target Endocrine Organs

A

stimulated by tropic hormones –> release hormones –> physiological effects (hypothalamic-pituitary-hormone axis)

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6
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

from thyroid –> regulates metabolic rate + affects every tissue

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7
Q

Cortisol

A

from adrenal cortex –> regulates metabolism, immune responses, stress adaptation

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8
Q

Epinephrine

A

from adrenal medulla –> flight or fight repose

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9
Q

Growth Hormone GH

A

stimulates growth, cell reproduction + regeneration

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10
Q

Parathyroid Hormone PTH

A

regulate Ca+, phosphate balance

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11
Q

Antidurietic hormone ADH, vasopressin

A

controls water retention by kidneys

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12
Q

Insulin

A

pancreas –> breaks down sugar

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13
Q

Feedback Systems

A

hormone levels maintained by negative feedback –> homeostasis

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14
Q

Feedback Systems Levels

A

hormone level adequate –> hypothalamus + pituitary gland reduce stimulation
levels low –> enhanced stimulation

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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A

central processor for signals from multiple sources –> releasing hormones released

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16
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) Anterior (adenohypophysis

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A

produces GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

17
Q

Pituitary Gland (hypophysis) Posterior (neuropophysis)

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A

strores + releases ADH + oxytocin –> synthesized n hypothalamus

18
Q

Downregulation

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A

prolonged high hormone levels –> decreased receptor sensitivity + number

19
Q

Hormone Deficiency

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A

glandular destruction from autoimmunity, infection, infiltration

20
Q

Upregulation

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A

low hormone levels –> increased receptor sensitivity + number

21
Q

Hormone Excess

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A

from tumors, autoimmune stimulation, genetic mutations

22
Q

Hormone Resistance

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A

target cells insensitive to hormone w/ adequate or high levels

23
Q

Hypofunction

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A

inadequate hormone production

24
Q

Hyperfunction

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A

excess hormone production

25
Primary Dysfunction
endocrine gland dysfunction
26
Secondary Dysfunctiom
pituitary gland dysfunction (tropic hormone secretion)
27
Teritary Dysfunction
hypothalamic releasing factor dysfunction
28
Autoimmunity
gland destruction (hypofunction) abnormal stimulation (hyperfunction)
29
Neoplasia
tumor --> excess hormones
30
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds
chemicals interfere w/ hormone synthesis, transport, binding or metabolism
31
Examples of Effects
impaired reproduction + egg abnormatlies in eggs (DDT exposure) masculinization of female marine mollusks (organotin exposure) feminization of male fish (sewage effluent) reproductive impairment in reptiles (polluted lakes)
32
MAJOR EDC Bisphenol A BPA
plastics, can linings --> estrogen --> diabetes, cancers, fertility issues, early puberty
33
MAJOR EDC Phthalates
plastics, peronal care items --> miscarriages, preterm birth, low birth weight, reproductibve anomalies
34
MAJOR EDC Flame Retardants
electonics, furniture
35
MAJOR EDC Perfluorootanic acid
nonstick cookware waterproof coatings
36
MAJOR EDC Organochlorines
pollutants
37
Symptoms of Endocrine Disorders
subtle overlap w diseases multisystemic complaints --> syndrome emotion + behavior effects : fatigue + depression EDCs
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