Thyroid + Parathyroid

Question 1

Goiter

Answer 1

enlargement of thyroid gland from low or excessive thyroid hormone production or iodine deficiency

Question 2

Patho of Goiter

Answer 2

toxic (hypo / hyperthyroidism)
low iodine intake or goitrogens –> reduced T3/T4 synthesis –> increased TSH –> gland growth

Question 3

Hypothyroidism

Answer 3

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis –> insufficient production of T3 + T4 –> slowing of metabolic processes (high TSH, low T4)

Question 4

Patho of Hypothyroidism

Answer 4

(hasimoto’s) lymphocytic infiltration –> anti-thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO) + antithyroglobulin antibodies

Question 5

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Answer 5

fatigue
weight gain
cold intolerance
dry skin, hair loss, brittle nails
puffy face, hoarse voice
bradycardia
constipation
menustral irregularties, infertility
myxedema coma
cretinism (growth + intellectual delays)

Question 6

Patho of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 6

high T3/T4 low TSH –> increased metabolism

Question 7

Cause of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 7

grave’s disease

Question 8

Risks of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 8

women
40-60

Question 9

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 9

weight loss
heat intolerance
tremor
palpitations
exopthalmos
goiter

Question 10

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 10

endocrine glands behind the thyroid, secrete PTH (regulate Ca+ + phosphate balance form bones, kidneys + GI tract)

Question 11

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 11

insufficient PTH secretion from thyroid or neck surgery

Question 12

Patho of Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 12

low PTH –> decreased Ca+, increased phosphate

Question 13

Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 13

muscles cramps
tetany
parethesia
trousseau’s sign (carpal spasm)
chvostek’s sign (facial twitch)

Question 14

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 14

high PTH –> high Ca+ –> bone breakdown

Question 15

Causes of Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 15

parathyroid adenoma

Question 16

Risks of Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 16

middle aged women
50-60

Question 17

Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 17

bone pain
kidney stones
constipation
depression
(bones, stones, groans, moans)