Urologic

Question 1

Causes of Lower Urinary Tract Infections

Answer 1

Escheria coli, pathogens, HAI

Question 2

Risks of Lower Urinary Tract Infection

Answer 2

WOMEN: hygiene, clothing, sex
MEN: benign prostate hyperplasia, urinary retention, obstructive symptoms
BOTH: stagnant urine

Question 3

Patho of Lower Urinary Tract Infections

Answer 3

URINE: high osmolarity, urea, acids
PHYSICAL FLOW: polyuria
IgA: prevents bacterial adherence

Question 4

Symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Infections

Answer 4

frequency, urgency, dysuria, hematuria, cloudy urine –> urosepsis

Question 5

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 5

stones in the kidney

Question 6

Ureterolithiasis

Answer 6

stones in ureter

Question 7

Cystolithiasis

Answer 7

stones in the bladder

Question 8

Risk of Urolithiasis

Answer 8

genetic, dehydration, diet, metabolic, structural disorders

Question 9

Calcium Stones

Answer 9

hypercalciuria (intestinal + bone absorption, renal leak)

Question 10

Struvite Stones

Answer 10

urease producing organisms –> stag horn calculi in pelvis

Question 11

Risk for Struvite Stones

Answer 11

spinal cord injuries, indwelling catheters, neurogenic bladder

Question 12

Cystine Stones

Answer 12

disorder affecting cystine metabolism

Question 13

Patho of Urolithiasis

Answer 13

urine supersaturated w insoluble salts –> stone from metabolic imbalances urinary statuses, infection

Question 14

Sites of Pain/Spam Urolithiasis

Answer 14

Ureteropelvic junction
Midureter (iliac vessels)
Pelvic brim (posterior to broad ligament in women)
Ureterovesical Junction –> ureteral mucosa

Question 15

Symptoms of Urolithiasis

Answer 15

renal colic, flank or lower – > groin pain –> pacing, moving
nausea, vomiting, hematuria, dysuria, fever (infection), pyuria, crystalluria

Question 16

Urinary Incontinence + Overactive Bladder (OBA)
Stress Incontinence

Answer 16

involuntary leakage during increased abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing)

Question 17

Cause of Stress Incontinence

Answer 17

weak pelvic support, urethral sphincter dysfunction from childbirth, menopause, aging, immobility, surgery

Question 18

Urge Incontinence / Overactive Bladder (OAB)

Answer 18

from detrusor muscle overactivity –> urgernfcy + frequent urination

Question 19

Symptoms of Urge Incontinence / Overactive Bladder (OAB)

Answer 19

interstitial cystitis, neurological disorders, obesity, post prostate surgery

Question 20

Overflow Incontinence

Answer 20

from bladder over distention, nerve damage, pelvic surgery, detrusor muscle failure, urinary retention, men with benign prostate hyperplasia

Question 21

Neurologic Bladder

Answer 21

from interrupted nerve signals between bladder + CNS, bladder insensate + fails to contract, spinal cord disorders, tumors, or trauma

Question 22

Functional Incontinence

Answer 22

from CNS impairment (stroke, dementia), delirium, immobility preventing normal toliting behavior

Question 23

Mixed Incontinence

Answer 23

stresss + urge incontinence

Question 24

Risk of Stress Incontinence

Answer 24

low estrogen –> post-menopause, stress inocentinence by weakening pelvic muscles

Question 25

Symptoms of Urinary Incontinence + Overactive Bladder

Answer 25

urinary patterns, symptoms, triggers, bags, UTIs, protest surgery, pelvic surgeries, medications, 3-day voiding diary + 3IQ tool

Question 26

Symptoms of Urinary Incontinecne + Overactive Bladder 2

Answer 26

urine loss w activity or stress, urgency, nocturne, incomplete emptying. neurological bladder, CNS pathology

Question 27

Causes of Urinary Incontinence + Overactive Bladder

Answer 27

anticholingergics, antidepressants, antipyschotics, opioids, muscle relaxants, sedatives, calcium channel blockers, beta-agonists, caffeine, alcohol, diuretics

Question 28

Patho of Urinary Incontinecne + Overactive Bladder

Answer 28

decreased sphincter tone --> stress incontinence: alpha-adrenergic antagonists increased sphincter tone --> retention: alpha-adrenegic agonists, amphetamines