Hemispheric Specialization + Language Centers

Question 1

Broca’s area (Controls What?)

Answer 1

speech production

Question 2

Wernicke’s Area (Controls What?)

Answer 2

language comprehension

Question 3

Damage To Broca’s Area Leads To

Answer 3

expressive aphasia (inability to speak w preserved understanding)

Question 4

Damage to Wernicke’s Area Leads To

Answer 4

receptive aphasia (fluent, nonsensical speech w poor comprehension)

Question 5

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) Function

Answer 5

cranial nerve function + vital functions

Question 6

What’s The Medulla Known As?

Answer 6

vital sign center, controls cardiac, respiratory + vasomotor tone

Question 7

Causes of Brainstem Damage

Answer 7

cranial nerve deficits, altered pupil size, loss of consciousness

Question 8

Cerebellum

Answer 8

coordinated, smooth movement, equilibrium, posture, motor memory

Question 9

Damage to Cerebellum

Answer 9

ipsilateral deficits, slurred speech, ataxic gait, jerky movements

Question 10

Cerebellum Bloodflow

Answer 10

from posteriors cerebral artery from basilar artery
ateriosclerosis –> vertebral insufficiency –> loss of coordination + ataxia

Question 11

Cerebellum Bloodflow 2

Answer 11

middle cerebral artery supplies 80% of brain tissue, affected in strokes
circle of wills –> aneurysm formation

Question 12

CN I Olfactory (S)

Answer 12

smell

Question 13

CN II Optic (S)

Answer 13

vision

Question 14

CN III Oculomotor (M)

Answer 14

eye movement, pupil response

Question 15

CN IV Trochlear (M)

Answer 15

eye movement

Question 16

CN V Trigeminal (M+S)

Answer 16

facial sensation, chewing

Question 17

CN VI Abducens (M)

Answer 17

eye movement

Question 18

CN VII Facial (M+S)

Answer 18

facial expressions, anterior taste

Question 19

CN VIII Vestibulcochlear (M+S)

Answer 19

hearing, balance

Question 20

CN IX Glossopharyngeal (S+M)

Answer 20

swallowing + posterior taste

Question 21

CN X Vagus (M)

Answer 21

gag reflex, parasympathetic control

Question 22

CN XI Accessory (M)

Answer 22

head + shoulder movement

Question 23

CN XII Hypoglossal (M)

Answer 23

Tounge movement

Question 24

Cerebral Metabolism

Answer 24

brain uses 20% of oxygen, relies on glucose

Question 25

Brain Without Air

Answer 25

10 sec --> loss of consciousness 5-6 min --> brain cell death

Question 26

Causes of Stroke

Answer 26

ISCHEMIA (85%): thrombus, embolus blocks cerebral artery --> cerebral infarction HEMORRHAGE (15%): artery rupture --> compression, toxicity + ischemia

Question 27

Causes of Ischemic Stroke

Answer 27

CEREBRAL ATERIOSCLEROSIS: plaque boodle up --> thrombus, embolus ATRIAL FIBRILATION: stagnant bf in left atrium --> clot --> embolism CAROTID STENOSIS: narrowed artery w rough plaque surface --> clot

Question 28

Ischemic Penumbra

Answer 28

hypoperfused, salvageable tissue

Question 29

Glutamate Toxicity (ISCHEMIA)

Answer 29

glutamate released --> excess calcium influx --> neuronal death, free radical release, stroke extension

Question 30

Transient Ischemic Attack

Answer 30

ep of cerebral ischemia w reversible neurological symptoms for less than 24 hrs, predictor of stroke, med emerg

Question 31

Causes of Transient Ischemic Attack

Answer 31

emboli from arteriosclerotic vessels, lacunar infarcts, temporary occlusion

Question 32

Risks of Transient Ischemic Attack

Answer 32

HTN, diabetes, smoking

Question 33

Patho of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 33

rupture of cerebral artery --> hemorrhagic stroke

Question 34

Causes of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 34

bleeding, cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, microaneruryms, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, HTN, anticoagulation

Question 35

Patho of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)

Answer 35

aneurysm --> subarachnoid artery rupture --> vasospasm, ischemia, herination

Question 36

Complications of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Answer 36

cerebral edema --> pressure on brain stem --> uncle herniation ventricular obstruction --> hydrocephalus Cushing's Triad (HTN, bradycardia, irregular respiratons) hematomas --> coma, death NEURO EVAL IN 1ST 24 HRS

Question 37

Non-modifiable Risks For Stroke

Answer 37

>65, FH, race/ethnicity (AA, HA, NA)

Question 38

Modifiable Risks For Stroke

Answer 38

HTN, HLD, diabetes, smoking, obesity, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, high fat + salt diets

Question 39

Risks For Ischemic Stroke

Answer 39

oral contraceptive (clotting), sickle cell isease, atrial fibrilation, carotid artery stenosis, coagulation disorders

Question 40

Risks for Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 40

HTN, cerebral aneurysm, AVM, amyloid vasculopathy, liver disease, bleeding disorders, vasculitis, CNS infections, anticoagulant use

Question 41

Stroke Symptoms

Answer 41

hemiparesis, hemiplageia, facial droop, slurred speech, loss of sensation, aphasia, confusion, altered mental status, stupor, coma

Question 42

Subarachnoid Hemrrohage (SAH)

Answer 42

sudden thunderclap headache, vomiting, stiff neck, photophobia, seizures, decrease lvls of consciousness

Question 43

Stroke Recognition

Answer 43

Facial droop Arm weakness Speech Difficulty Call 911

Question 44

NIH Stroke Scale

Answer 44

Level of consciousness Visual fields + gaze Motor + sensory function Language, speech< neglect