Theory > equine > Flashcards

equine Flashcards

(111 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

“Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis”. Earley. JVD. 2017:34(3).

what was the endocrine abnormality found in half the horses suffering from EOTRH?

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH) was increased in 7/15 (47%) horses
  • total Ca and phosphorous were normal in all horses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dentigerous cysts in horses. Where are they most often located? What are the symptoms? How are they treated?

A

A dentigerous cyst, or ectopic tooth, in horses is most commonly attached to the temporal bone (AKA temporal teratoma, ‘ear tooth’, or ‘aural fistula’).

Diagnosed by signalment, history, and physical examination.
The most common presentation is a swelling at the base of the pinna with an associated chronic draining tract.

Treatment consists of surgical removal of the dentigerous cyst and any related draining tract.

DDs for dentigerous cysts include abscessation, hematoma/seroma, bony sequestra, or foreign body.

“Heterotopic Polyodontia Diagnosis and Surgical Removal of a Dentigerous Cyst Comprising 2 Dental Structures in a 14-Year-Old Horse”. Platt et al. JVD 2021.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

JVD 2023. Hunt et al. “Intraoral formation of a rigid obturator for the treatment of dental fistulae and draining tracts in the horse”.

treated ONFs in horses by plugging the hole with a layer of borate fiber that was then covered in bis-acryl.
what percentage of horses had complete resolution of clinical signs?
what were the complications?

A

complete resolution of clinical signs in 21/22 (95.5%) horses.

31.8% (7/22) had complications, all related to the plug fracturing/being displaced/not sealing the defect completely. all complications were solved by replacing the plug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

JVD 2021. Turner et al. Tooth elongation of maxillary second premolars and mandibular third molars and associated periodontal disease in horses a retrospective study.

Prevalence of periodontal disease in horses? How does elongation lead to PD?

A

PD in horses has a prevalence of up to 75% and is a leading cause of tooth loss.

This article found a significant positive correlation between tooth elongation and PD.

Equine cheek teeth arcades function as a whole unit to masticate rough feedstuffs. The forces acting upon cheek teeth have been measured between 964-1956N during the power stroke of the chewing cycle. Elongations of clinical crowns that occur as a result of malocclusion may lead to shift of teeth within the rank of the arcade, causing diastemata formation. Early PD likely occurs with initial formation of overgrowths and resultant diastemata formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

JVD 2022. James A. Brown, Brian G. Murphy, Kemba S. Clapp, Elise E. B. LaDouceur. “Clinical, Diagnostic and Histological Findings Involving Cheek Teeth Hypercementosis in Nine Horses”.

  1. What treatment is recommended?
  2. What are common complications?
A
  1. Extraction. Other approaches like antibiotics, corticosterois, or incisor reduction do not stop disease progression.
  2. Dehiscence, Tongue protrusion, mild post-op eating sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

According to Chinkangsadarn T, Wilson GJ, Greer RM, Pollitt CC, Bird PS. Aust Vet J 2015. “An abattoir survey of equine dental abnormalities in Queensland, Australia”.

What were the 4 most common abnormalities identified, in order of prevalence?

A
  • Sharp enamel points 68%
  • Hooks 43%
  • Wave mouth 25.5%
  • periodontal pockets 22.3%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

According to Chinkangsadarn T, Wilson GJ, Greer RM, Pollitt CC, Bird PS. in “An abattoir survey of equine dental abnormalities in Queensland, Australia”.

Identify the equine abnormality in b (arrows and star), c and d.

A

a. normal
b. hook (star) and sharp enamel points (arrows)
c. step
d. diastemata and periodontal pockets with visible soft tissue and bone loss

N.B. Wave mouth not shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“A comparison of CT, radiographic, gross and histological, dental, and alveolar findings in 30 abnormal cheek teeth from equine cadavers” by Liuti, Smith, Dixon. FVETS 2017.

what was the point of this study and what were the findings?

A

validate accuracy of CT and radiographic imaging of cheek teeth disorders by comparing CT and rad imaging, gross and histo findings of abnormal cheek teeth and there alveoli extracted from equine cadaver heads.

54 heads from euthanized horses (no breed/age info) had 26 maxillary cheek teeth and 4 mandibular disease extracted (30) with alveoli for imaging and histo comparisons.

gross pathological and histo exam confirmed 28/30 had pulpar/apical infection or changes
* CT indicated the presence of pulpar/apical infection in 27/28 (96%)
* Rads indicative of pulpar/apical infection in 14/28 (50%)
* histo 21/28 (some missing bone)

EXCELLENT CORRELATION ON CT!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

JVD 2022. James. “Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis”.

What is EOTRH? What causes it?

A

EOTRH: painful, progressive dental disease affecting mainly the incisor and canine teeth of middle-aged and geriatric horses, typically over 15 years of age. It involves tooth resorption and excessive cementum production.

Etiology unknown, suggested:
* biomechanical stress on aging teeth
* bacterial infiections, especially Treponema and Tannerella spp.
* Immune-mediated responses
* Iatrogenic dental treatments
* nutritional or endocrine factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

JVD 2022. James. “Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis”.

How accurate are radiographs in diagnosing EOTRH?

A

may underestimate early lesions (low sensitivity).
in one study 58% of radiographically “healthy” teeth had lesions on micro-CT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

JVD 2022. James. Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis.

What are the histological features?

A
  • Infiltration by inflammatory cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes)
  • Odontoclastic resorption
  • Irregular, disorganized cementum deposition
  • Fibrosis and lysis of surrounding bone and periodontal ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

James A. Brown, Brian G. Murphy, Kemba S. Clapp, Elise E. B. LaDouceur. JVD 2022. “Clinical, Diagnosis and Histological Findings Involving Cheek Teeth Hypercementosis in Nine Horses”.

Is there a known link between EOTRH and systemic disease?

A

some shown altered parathyroid hormone or vit D levels and hypoalbuminemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

According to Marshall R, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM. “A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth”. The Veterinary Journal. 2012;193(1):53-57.

Is this a maxillary or mandibular tooth and which number?

A

Number the pulp horns.
Mandibular 06

A sub-occlusal transverse section of a mandibular 06 equine cheek tooth placed with its apical aspect facing upwards. All six pulp horns have open pulp horns containing viable pulp (that has caused pink staining of the adjacent dentine during sectioning).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

According to Marshall R, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM. A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth. The Veterinary Journal. 2012;193(1):53-57.

This tooth is an 09. is it maxillary or mandibular? How do you know?

A

number the pulp horns

mandibular.
No infundibulae, no cingulae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Marshall R, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM. “A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth”. The Veterinary Journal. 2012;193(1):53-57.

This is a mandibular 11. How many pulp horns are there?

A

6 pulp horns (no horn 6 skip 5 to 7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Marshall R, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM. “A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth”. The Veterinary Journal. 2012;193(1):53-57.

This tooth is an 06. is it maxillary or mandibular? Number the pulp horns

A

Maxillary - has infundibulae and has cingulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Marshall R, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM. A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth. The Veterinary Journal. 2012;193(1):53-57.

This is a maxillary 09. What are the two unlabelled black spots in the centre of the tooth? what disease process occurs here number the pulp horns

A

black spots are centre of infundibulae where arteries supply cementum with blood during development. Infundibular caries can occur here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Marshall R, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM. A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth. The Veterinary Journal. 2012;193(1):53-57.

Is this a maxillary or mandibular tooth? What number? Number the pulp horns.

A

maxillary 11.
* you can tell because there are 7 pulp horns and no other tooth has that.
* number goes up to 8 but there is no 6 (only on 06’s is there a 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Marshall R, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM. A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth. The Veterinary Journal 2012.

Describe the number of pulp horns each tooth has?

A

Here is the pulp horn numbering system: Here it is again! Here are some tricks -

  • mandibular teeth have a single continuously running line of enamel with no infundibulae
  • Maxillary teeth have 2 infundibulae each which are additional ‘irregular loops’ of enamel in the middle of the tooth usually pictured with a little black spot in the middle (this is not a pulp horn.)
  • We usually number the buccal pulp horns first from front to back (1 and 2), then the palatal/labial horns also front to back.
  • on mandibular teeth 3 4 5 are in a line front to back.
  • On maxillary teeth horn 5 is the palatal-most (between 3 and 4)
  • only 06’s have a horn 6. it is at the ‘rostral most point of the tooth’
  • maxillary 11’s have 2 small pulp horns at the very back 7 and 8 (they have no 6) for a total of 7 pulp horns
  • mandibular 11’s have a horn 7 at the very back for a total of 6 pulp horns (again no 6)

My best bet:
* Memorize the basic pattern for a maxillary and mandibular 09.
* for all 06’s add a pulp horn 6 at the most mesial extent.
* For a maxillary 11 add a 7 bucally and an 8 palatally.
* For mandibular 11’s add a 7 at the most distal extent.

Sigh.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

According to Jens Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. Generalized Hypercementosis in Geriatric Horses.

Which tooth had the worst hypercementosis?

A

lateral incisors - 03’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

According to Jens Arnbjerg. Generalized Hypercementosis in Geriatric Horses

What was theorized to lead to the hypercementosis?

A

occlusal pressure or stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Jens Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. Generalized Hypercementosis in Geriatric Horses.

what was different about the incisor angles of teeth with hypercementosis?

A

horses with a more acute incisor angle had greater cementum deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Jens Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. Generalized Hypercementosis in Geriatric Horses.

on which sides of the teeth was the excess cementum usually deposited?

A

Cementum deposition was usually more concentrated on the axial and lingual aspects of the roots compared with the abaxial and labial aspects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Jens Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. Generalized Hypercementosis in Geriatric Horses.

What is the composition and hounsfield units of cementum? dentin? enamel?

A

Cementum:
* 65% inorganic, 35% organic and water
* 1200-1500 HU

Dentin:
* 70% inorganic, 30% organic and water
* 1600-1800 HU.

Enamel:
* 96-98% inorganic
* 2400-2600 HU (due to its lower water content)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
According to Easley J, Dixon PM, Reardon RJ. Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite (‘parrot mouth’) in 73 foals (1999-2013). Which lines in the photo below represent overbite and overjet? Describe the difference.
AB Overjet CD overbite Overjet is how far the labial surface is rostral to where it should be (in line with labial surface of the mandibular incisors). Overbite is how far the occlusal surface is from where it should be (occluding with the mandibular incisors).
26
Easley J, Dixon PM, Reardon RJ. Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite (‘parrot mouth’) in 73 foals (1999-2013) What was done in this study?
restrospective looking at correction of MAL2 in foals using a device like this. orthodontic wires and an incline plane
27
Easley J, Dixon PM, Reardon RJ. Equine Vet J. Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite (‘parrot mouth’) in 73 foals (1999-2013). What surgical and post op complications were seen?
surgical - bleeding major palatine arteries. post-op - * device hurt mare’s udder * permanent incisors abnormal eruption in 7 * valve diastema between maxillary 07’s and 08’s in ALL foals
28
Easley J, Dixon PM, Reardon RJ. Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite (‘parrot mouth’) in 73 foals (1999-2013). in what proportion of overbites and overjets did treatment reduce the malocclusion?
Overjet 95% Overbite 90%
29
Easley J, Dixon PM, Reardon RJ. "Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite (‘parrot mouth’) in 73 foals (1999-2013)". What proportion of foals had a complete reduction of overjet and what proportion had a reduction to <5mm overjet?
* 25% complete reduction * 51% to <5mm (functionally corrected)
30
Easley J, Dixon PM, Reardon RJ. "Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite (‘parrot mouth’) in 73 foals (1999-2013)". What factors had a positive impact on treatment?
* starting at an early age * increased severity at diagnosis had a positive association with rate of correction
31
"Infundibula of equine maxillary cheek teeth. Part 1: Development, blood supply, and infundibular cementogenesis". Suske A, Poschke A, Schrock P, Kirschner S, Brockmann M, Staszyk C. Why is the mesial infundibulum more prone to incomplete cementogenesis?
* central artery supplying bloodflow for generation of cementum is destroyed at eruption. * lateral arteries located more coronally and destroyed soon after eruption for mesial infundibulum wheras the distal infundibulum has a more apically located artery which persists for longer after eruption.
32
"A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth". JVD 2016. What are primary diastemata?
Primary: * when there is insufficient angulation of 06 or 11 to force the compression into a single functional unit * OR when tooth buds are too far apart and just erupt with spaces
33
"A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth". JVD 2016. What are secondary diastemata?
* when there is overcrowding in an arcade and the eruption forces teeth into abnormal positions and there is resulting diastemata * OR if there is overgrowth of 106/206 or 311/411 and the overtall tooth is forced into an abnormal position
34
"A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth". JVD 2016. What are senile diastemata?
When the teeth are almost worn out and the apices emerge as the chewing surface they do not fill the whole space, do not achieve compression, and diastemata develop.
35
"A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth". JVD 2016. What were the different treatments used?
* Cleaned pockets manually and with water, then lavaged with chlorhexidine * Packed pockets with crushed metronidazole tablets * Packed petronidazole tablets into the pocket, then put a PVS pack on which was impregnated with crushed metronidazole * Diastemata widening with a diastemata bur, then packed with metro pack
36
"A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth". JVD 2016. How were the groups made up?
Owner preference of treatment. 😐
37
"A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth". JVD 2016. What were the improvements in pocket depth by treatment and which were significant?
* Cleaning 1.75 mm * Metro 2.8 mm * PVS 3.6 mm * Diastemata widening 4.0 mm All significant except for diastemata widening due to low numbers
38
"A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth". JVD 2016. When a mixed linear model was used to evaluate additional variables what was found?
Confounding effect of initial pocket depth removed significance. diastema widening did worse than others when that effect was accounted for but still small numbers so caution in interpretation.
39
"Regional Nerve Blocks for Equine Dentistry". JVD 2017. Describe the technique for the inferior alveolar block in the horse?
40
Regional Nerve Blocks for Equine Dentistry. JVD 2017. Describe the technique for the mental block in the horse
41
Regional Nerve Blocks for Equine Dentistry. JVD 2017. Describe the landmarks and technique for maxillary block in the horse
Extraperiorbital fat body injection technique
42
Regional Nerve Blocks for Equine Dentistry. JVD 2017. What structures are anesthetized with the infraorbital and maxillary block in the horse?
Provides suitable anesthesia for all maxillary procedures.
43
Regional Nerve Blocks for Equine Dentistry. JVD 2017. Describe the landmarks and technique for the infraorbital nerve block
* infraornital foramen is halfway between the nasoincisive notch and the rostral point of the facial crest * Push the levator labii superioris up with your thumb * insert a 25 x 1.5” needle into the foramen from about 5 mm rostral to it. * Deposit 3 cc
44
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. What were the average angles in the transverse plane and sagittal plane?
* Transverse 3.5-6.8° * Sagittal 32.7-44.9°
45
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. What was of note when comparing left and right sides?
No overall variation L VS R but within EVERY horse there was a variation in angles between the left and right side
46
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. What differences were seen between upper and lower incisors?
* Same transverse angles * lower incisors have steeper angles than upper incisors
47
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. What is caused by an increased angle in a quadrant?
An increased angle in the opposing quadrant
48
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. Why did the planes of the upper jaw bars and the facial crest not work well as opposed to mandibular bars?
Slightly curved shape to upper bars and facial crest.
49
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. What sagittal angle to the jaw bars and facial crest for the upper incisors? Lower incisor to the jaw bar?
Uppers: 7.1-10 deg to bar, 0.6-5.2 for the facial crest (less than 10 for both). Lowers: 21-25 deg to bar.
50
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. When do equine incisor reach their max length and how long is that maintained?
* 4 years post eruption * for approx. 13-15 years post eruption
51
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. What reference point did the authors consider most reliable clinically?
Lower Jaw bars
52
Occlusal angles of equine incisors. JVD 2017. What was considered the normal angulation in the sagittal plane and how does it compare to other authors?
21-25 deg steeper than the reported 10-15 deg
53
“Building an oral endoscope for use in equine oral examination and treatment”. Dotzel and Baratt. JVD 2017. what are the components necessary to build your own scope?
* rigid endoscope * digital camera * tablet with app
54
“Building an oral endoscope for use in equine oral examination and treatment”. Dotzel and Baratt. why is an endoscope useful?
* Horse’s don’t like the mirror * thorough oral exam challenging w/o scope due to length, limited caudal buccal space, and horse’s tongue
55
“Building an oral endoscope for use in equine oral examination and treatment”. Dotzel and Baratt. what is the ideal lens angle for a dental exam?
70 degrees; can use 45 but not as effective
56
"Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. what is the estimated % organic material and Hounsfield units of cementum? dentin? enamel?
cementum * 65% inorganic material (45-50% hydroxyapatite crystals) * 1200-1500 Hu dentin * 70% inorganic material (66-70% hydroxyapatite crystals) * 1600-1800 Hu enamel * 96-98% inorganic (96% hydroxyapatite crystals) * 2400-2600 Hu
57
“Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. hypercementosis was noted in 9/16 horses, with normal clinical crowns of incisors in 11/14. What general age were the horses with hypercementosis (all horses were non-clinical and findings were on routine screening).
* Older horses had hypercementosis (26y) * younger horses had no signs of hypercementosis (20y)
58
“Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. what were the most commonly affected teeth? What aspect of the teeth was most affected?
103, 203, 303, 403 (lateral incisors) on axial and lingual aspects of roots
59
“Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. what’s the general appearance of the PDL in teeth with hypercementosis? Was there resorption?
PDL space of incisors was always homogenous and distinct but often widened. no evidence of resorption except in 1 horse on the root apically that was minimal
60
“Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. what was noted about almost all horses with a greater cementum deposition?
more acute incisor angle
61
“Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. in humans no symptoms are associated with radiographic signs of uncomplicated hyercementosis unless there is associated what? Is this true of horses in this study?
tooth resorption or PD dz. yes!
62
“Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. where was hypercementosis in cheek teeth seen? what is a possible etiologic factor for hypercementosis?
around roots of teeth with severe wear. likely related to focal occlusal stress. occlusal pressure/stress is greater in horses with an acute low angle between maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth where angle is most acute (103, 203, 303, 403) and roots of short worn cheek teeth.
63
“Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”. Arnbjerg. JVD 2014. oral pain in hypercementosis cases is associated with what?
tooth resorption
64
“Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse”. Dietrich Pizzigatti, Charles Ferreira Martins, Bruna Curcio, Carlos Eduardo Wayne de Nogueira, Rafaela Simões Pires Esteves, Fernando Arévalo Batista, Thiago Rinaldi Müller. JVD 2014. In Chile and Mexico what percent of horses used for work are reported to suffer from dental abnormalities?
73-90%
65
“Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse". what is the pathogenesis of infundibular caries? what bacteria is associated w caries in horses? what teeth are typically effected?
Infundibular decay, or caries, is a disease of the calcified tissues of the tooth resulting from demineralization of cementum, dentin, and enamel. Sugars present in the organic material that accumulates in cracks and the infundibula of the occlusal surface of teeth undergo bacterial fermentation -> formation of lactic acid, which lowers the pH, leads to demineralization, and causes the teeth to appear black. Certain staphylococcal bacteria, especially S. devriesei, are associated with the formation of caries in horses owing to their ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides from sucrose, increasing their adhesion to the tooth surface. Carious lesions most frequently affect the maxillary molar teeth in older horses and mandibular molar teeth in younger horses, with a higher overall incidence in horses >7 years of age.
66
“Focal GH in a Donkey (Equus asinus)”. Rodrigues et al. JVD 2015. what was the likely inciting cause of the gingival hyperplasia in this donkey?
food entrapment in the vestibule causing chronic irritation and GH secondary to shear mouth
67
“Focal GH in a Donkey (Equus asinus)”. Rodrigues et al. what was the outcome?
Following correction of shear mouth and excisional biopsy the GH did not recur
68
"Measurement of Incisor Overjet and Physiological Diastemata Parameters in Quarter Horse Foals". Carla Michel Omura, Bianca Drumond, João Luiz Rossi Júnior, Clarisse Simões Coelho, Marco Antônio Gioso. JVD 2015. what is an overjet? overbite? mandibular brachygnathism?
* Overjet: protrusion of the maxillary incisor teeth rostral and horizontally beyond the limits of the mandibular incisor teeth in centric occlusion * Overbite: a greater extent of horizontal, rostral, and vertical overlap of maxillary incisor teeth * Mandibular brachygnathism: MAL2, “parrot mouth”. Maxillary incisors protrude more rostrally than mandibular incisors, resulting in absence of occlusal contact between maxillary and mandibular central incisors.
69
“Measurement of Incisor Overjet and Physiological Diastemata Parameters in Quarter Horse Foals”. Omura et al. what is the most common cause of malocclusion in the horse?
Mandibular brachygnathism 2-5% in equines
70
“Measurement of Incisor Overjet and Physiological Diastemata Parameters in Quarter Horse Foals”. Omura et al. was there a significant difference between maxillary and mandibular physiologic diastema? was there a correlation between age and physiologic diastemata lengths? when does maximum uniform growth of rostral components of maxilla and mandible occur in foals?
yes; positive correlation yes; 4-5mo of age
71
“Measurement of incisor overjet and physiological diastemata parameters in quarter horse foals”. Omura et al. JVD 2015. how many had overjet? was there a sex predisposition? was there correlation between age and overjet values? what was the prevalence of overjet in each type of horse group? how many had overbite?
overjet in 51% * 72.2% in show horses, 44% in race, 25% in working lineage foals * females overrepresented (61.5% female) * no correlation between age and overjet values none had overbite
72
“Measurement of incisor overjet and physiological diastemata parameters in quarter horse foals”. Omura et al. JVD 2015. what was noted about Quarter horse foals and overjet condition?
Overjet prevalence 51%. Females overrepresented (61.5%). 50% in show foals 42.3% in race lineage foals 7.7% in working lineage foals Show horse breeders use selective breeding to produce shorter heads with a straight or lightly concave facial profile
73
“Dimensions of 65 extracted equine first premolar teeth”. Sam Luis Hole, Jane Marie Manfredi, Hilary Mary Clayton. JVD 2016. what teeth are wolf teeth? where are they typically located? where are they rare?
First premolar (05s). most common maxillary 10-40% uncommon/rare in mandible
74
“Dimensions of 65 extracted equine first premolar teeth”. Sam Luis Hole, Jane Marie Manfredi, Hilary Mary Clayton. JVD 2016. what dimensions were measured? Were they statistically significant?
Dimensions, expressed as median (range) mm: * total length: 21 (12-34) * root length: 13.2 (0-19.6) * crown height: 7 (2-20) * crown width: 7 (2.6-16) Root length exceeded crown height in 61/65 (93.8%) teeth. Crown height and crown width were either not correlated or poorly correlated with root length. Total length was poorly correlated with crown height but had a fair correlation with crown width.
75
“Dimensions of 65 extracted equine first premolar teeth”. Sam Luis Hole, Jane Marie Manfredi, Hilary Mary Clayton. JVD 2016. what was the median tooth length and crown width? what was the one takeaway?
total tooth length 21mm crown height 7 mm root length 13.2 mm crown width 7 mm crown height is not an indicator of tooth length however the root is usually longer than the crown. -_-
76
“Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis". Earley et al. JVD 2017. has there historically been an age and sex predilection? in this study?
older horses geldings– but recent retrospective determined no age, breed, or sex predilection; older horses geldings over-represented– older and more geldings in study pop (78% over 20y, 83% geldings)
77
“Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis". Earley et al. JVD 2017. what are some possible inciting factors as etiopathogenesis is still unknown?
* increased biomechanics forces on PDL secondary to abnormal wear as horse ages * tooth extrusion * ischemic necrosis * genetic predisposition * metabolic bone dz * hypervitaminosis A * infectious agents * administration of bisphosphonates
78
“Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis". Earley et al. JVD 2017. were there any consistent abnormalities in blood work noted?
* hypoalbuminemia * PTH concentrations elevated in 46.7% of horses but not statistically significant
79
“Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis". Earley et al. JVD 2017. what were some limitations of this study?
* sample size * different management * lack of age matched control horses * different regional locations w diff diets
80
“Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis". Earley et al. JVD 2017. how many horses had hypoalbuminemia? what was the theory as to why?
88.2% (15/17) reduced feed intake due to dental disease and inflammation OR chronic inflammation (Alb is a negative acute-phase protein in response to inflammation).
81
“Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis". Earley et al. JVD 2017. what was the most likely cause of the elevated PTH values?
secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by nutrition
82
“Dental Radiography of the Horse”. Limone & Barratt. JVD 2018. what are the standard radiograph views taken in equine vet dentistry?
Extraoral plate: * Laterolateral view (cheek teeth) * DV (cheek teeth) * DV with mandible offset using speculum * open mouth R dorsal to L ventral lateral oblique and L to R for maxillary apices of cheek teeth (Rt30D-LeVO) * open mouth R dorsal to left ventral oblique view of mandibular cheek teeth teeth (Rt10D-LeVO) and L to R. isolates the crowns of the mandibular cheek teeth * open mouth right ventral to left dorsal lateral oblique view (Rt45V-LeDO) for maxillary apices * open mouth right ventral to left dorsal lateral oblique view (Rt45V-LeDO) of the mandibular cheek teeth Intraoral: * bisecting angle of maxillary and mandibular incisors * Left and R oblique views of maxillary and mandibular incisors (can be done extra oral for obliques but challenging)
83
“Dental Radiography of the Horse”. Limone & Barratt. JVD 2018. name this view and the structures labeled in the pic.
Laterolateral view (plate on L side of horse). CMS=caudal maxillary sinus RMS=rostral maxillary sinus CFS= conchofrontal sinus VCB= common dorsal compartment (bulla) of ventral conchae sinus and RMS dorsal to IFC=infraorbital canal
84
“Dental Radiography of the Horse”. Limone & Barratt. JVD 2018. name this view and the labeled structures.
DV CMS=caudal maxillary sinus; VCS=ventroconchal sinus RMS=rostral maxillary sinus
85
“Dental Radiography of the Horse”. Limone & Barratt. JVD 2018. name this view. If we want to focus on apices, how should the angle change?
Open-mouth right dorsal to left ventral lateral oblique view of the left mandibular cheek teeth (Rt10D-LeVO). This view isolates the crowns of the left mandibular cheek teeth. To focus on apices, from 10 deg angle to 45 deg
86
"Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report". Apryle Horbal, Padraic M. Dixon. JVD 2016. oral tumors are extremely rare in equids with soft tissue tumors being more common. What is the most common tumor type in the horse? The most common oral soft tissue tumor?
Sarcoids; SCC
87
"Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report". Apryle Horbal, Padraic M. Dixon. JVD 2016. what is the overall prevalence of oral tumors in horses? What tumor types were noted?
1.8% in 400 horses ameloblastoma, osteomalacia, osteosarcoma
88
"Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report". Apryle Horbal, Padraic M. Dixon. JVD 2016. the horse underwent 2 surgical resections and multiple rounds of cisplatin intralesional injections. What finally cured the tumor?
Likely second surgical excision +/- some assistance from the intralesional chemo
89
"Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report". Apryle Horbal, Padraic M. Dixon. JVD 2016. what makes the recurrence rate for FSA so high? What is typically the treatment of choice? Have mets been reported? Where?
non encapsulated with poorly defined borders and tendrils. surgical resection is tx of choice with wide margins. mets have been reported; lung and liver
90
"Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report". Apryle Horbal, Padraic M. Dixon. JVD 2016. why was an extraoral approach (given the difficulty of an intraoral approach) not recommended?
High risk of damaging the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve leaving an obligate nasal breather unable to dilate its nostrils :(
91
"Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report". Apryle Horbal, Padraic M. Dixon. JVD 2016. bonus fun fact: what tumor type can intralesional bleomycin be used for?
CAA
92
"Successful Treatment of a Persistent Oroantral Fistula via Transbuccal and Transnasal Endoscopic Debridement in a Horse". Knut Nottrott, Cecile De Guio, Michael Schramme. JVD 2018. what are treatment options for oroantral fistulas?
prosthetic plug (PMMA) muscle transposition or sliding flap (require GA)
93
“Successful Tx of persistent Oroantral fistula via transbuccal and trans nasal endoscopic debridement in a horse”. Nottrott et al. dystrophic mineralization was seen in the left maxillary and dorsoconchal sinus of the young QH. how many times was it debrided following extraction of 208 remnant?
initial extraction 2 wk recheck replaced plug 2mo later replaced plug 3mo later performed MITE to achieve better debridement and replaced plug 14 mo later (lost to follow up) remove plug and finally healed!
94
“Successful Tx of persistent Oroantral fistula via transbuccal and trans nasal endoscopic debridement in a horse”. Nottrott et al. horses w sinusitis are how often dental in origin? what are the most common fractured teeth w associated sinusitis? what is metasplastic calcification in the sinus of horses always associated w?
24-62% maxillary first molars through pulp horn 1 2 (+/- fourth premolars) dental fracture
95
“Successful Tx of persistent Oroantral fistula via transbuccal and trans nasal endoscopic debridement in a horse”. Nottrott et al. what would have been an alternative to MITE for debridement of dorsal debridement?
trephination above fistula through sinus or sinus flap
96
"In-depth snapshot of the equine subgingival microbiome". Gao W, Chan Y, You M, Lacap-Bugler DC, Leung WK, Watt RM. Microbial Pathogenesis 2016. SKIP
There are bacteria in the equine mouth including spirochaetes and treponema. The end.
97
"Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized blinded controlled trial". Sébastien Moine et al. Vet Q 2017. What was the aim of the study?
To determine: * if degree of dental malocclusion assigned prior to dental treatment was associated with equine rideability assessed using a standardized score * if performance dentistry improved this score
98
"Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized blinded controlled trial". Moine S et al. Vet Q 2017. What was the methodology?
38 horses * assigned a malocclusion score * half treated and half not treated * all ridden twice before and 3 times after treatment or non-treatment by the same professional rider * assigned a rideability score
99
"Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized blinded controlled trial". Moine S et al. Vet Q 2017. What was found?
pre treatment score and treatment versus non treatment had no impact on rideability score.
100
What is a float?
* used to remove sharp enamel points from buccal maxillary teeth and lingual mandibular teeth * to correct abnormalities such as tall teeth, hooks, ramps, and breaks * to round mesial aspect of second premolars
101
"A Retrospective Study of the Prevalence of First Premolars in 306 Thoroughbred Yearlings". Tanner. JVD 2019. What was the prevalence of the first premolars?
* 72.9% of horses, average age 14.99 months, had erupted P1s * 90% had erupted P1s by 18 months of age * 67.4% in males, 77.6% in females. significant * Mandibular and supernumerary P1s are rarely reported in the literature and were not present in this group P1s usually erupt between 1-2 years. The permanent P2s can "push" them away so prevalence studies are not reliable when done in adult horses.
102
"A Study on the Potential Role of Occlusal Fissure Fractures in the Etiopathogenesis of Equine Cheek Teeth Apical Infections". Wellman and Dixon. JVD 2019. What was the prevalence of fissure fractures? How many were found to get close to the pulp?
**prevalence of fissure fractures** in apically infected cheek teeth diagnosed with anachoresis was **66.6% (26/39)**. * Anachoresis is a default diagnosis made when no identifiable physical route of bacterial invasion from the oral cavity to the pulps or apex of an infected tooth is found * believed to be caused by blood or lymphatic borne infections. * causing 51-68% of equine cheek teeth apical infection 13/39 stained teeth had subocclusal fissure fractures visually identified at approximately 6 mm beneath the surface *** in 9/13 teeth the fissure fractures had deeper staining to a level immediately above or into a pulp horn**, indicating a potential route for bacterial pulpitis.
103
"The Effect of Sedation, Oral Examination, and Odontoplasty on Systemic Inflammation as Measured by Serum Amyloid A in the Adult Performance Horse". Birmingham and Mason. JVD 2019. what was the effect of sedation, oral examination, and odontoplasty on serum amyloid A levels?
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is one of the major acute phase proteins in horses. * normal plasma concentrations 0.5-20 µg/mL * most instances of infectious or inflammatory disease show SAA > 50 µg/mL SAA was not affected by sedation, oral examination or odontoplasty in horses
104
"Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in horses". Ian Tyler Bishop. FVETS 2022. in how many horses would radiographic signs of disease have been missed if only targeted radiographs had been taken, rather than a full-mouth survey?
50/248 (20%) horses had radiographic signs of disease that would not have been predicted based upon the oral examination. 113/248 (46%) horses had oral examination findings that would have prompted dental radiography, according to the criteria of the study. Of these 113 horses, 24/113 (21%) had radiographic signs of disease that would have been missed if only targeted radiographs had been taken, rather than a full-mouth survey.
105
"Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint". Clara S. Kim, Nathalie A. Reisbig, James L. Carmalt. FVETS 2024. what are the two compartments of the equine TMJ?
* discomandibular * discotemporal
106
"Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint". Clara S. Kim, Nathalie A. Reisbig, James L. Carmalt. FVETS 2024. what was advised regarding diagnosis of intra-articular disc perforation based on constrast arthrography?
Contrast arthrography allows interpretation of intra-articular soft tissue structures. Caution is advised in diagnosing intra-articular disc perforation (iatrogenic disc penetration resulted in the false diagnosis of pathologic disc perforation).
107
According to Korsos et al. (FVETS 2024), where were accessory canals most commonly located in equine cheek teeth? A. Only near the apex of the root B. From the root furcation to the apex of the root C. Only in the middle third of the root D. Exclusively in the apical delta region
Correct answer: B Accessory canals were found in 32/34 (94%) teeth examined. Up to 44 accessory canals per tooth, with locations ranging from the root furcation down to the apex of the root and with highly variable diameters. Apical deltas in different stages of development were found in 84% of the roots. The presence of accessory canals identified on micro-CT images could be confirmed using histological examination although some of them were obliterated by reparative dentin. ## Footnote *"Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth". Szabolcs A. Korsós et al. FVETS 2024.*
108
"Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth". Szabolcs A. Korsós et al. FVETS 2024. prevalence of accessory canals in equine cheek teeth?
Accessory canals were found in all but 2 teeth examined (32/34, 94%)
109
"Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth". Szabolcs A. Korsós et al. FVETS 2024. number of accessory canals per tooth?
up to 44 accessory canals per tooth
110
"Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth". Szabolcs A. Korsós et al. FVETS 2024. location of accessory canals? percentage of teeth with apical delta? (84%)
from the root furcation down to the apex of the root
111
"Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth". Szabolcs A. Korsós et al. FVETS 2024. percentage of teeth with apical delta?
Apical deltas in different stages of development were found in 84% of the roots
Theory
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions