trauma

Question 1

“Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015)”. Strøm et al. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2016.

what was the most common location for pseudoankylosis of the TMJ?

Answer 1

6/7 (86%) dogs with pseudoankylosis had an osseous fusion involving the zygomatic arch and mandible.

Question 2

“Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015)”. Strøm et al. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2016:29(5).

what was the main cause leading to TMJ ankylosis and pseudoankylosis?

Answer 2

• maxillofacial trauma at an early age in 5/10 dogs
• congenital/developmental conditions in 3/10 dogs

Question 3

“Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for fixation of a simple transverse caudal mandibular fracture model in cats”. Greiner et al. AJVR. 2017:78(6).

when comparing locking and non-locking contructs for fixation of distal mandibular fractures in cats, which construct was mechanically superior?

Answer 3

the locking construct was 1.5 times as strong and twice as stiff at peak loading, compared with the nonlocking construct

Question 4

“Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for fixation of a simple transverse caudal mandibular fracture model in cats”. Greiner et al. AJVR. 2017:78(6).

which fixation technique (locking vs non-locking) was associated with more tooth root damage? mandibular canal penetration?

Answer 4

frequency of screw damage to tooth roots and the mandibular canal did not differ between the locking and nonlocking constructs.

Question 5

“Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for fixation of a simple transverse caudal mandibular fracture model in cats”. Greiner et al. AJVR. 2017:78(6).

what was more common (in either fixation technique), tooth root damage or mandibular canal penetration?

Answer 5

All mandibles assigned to the locking and nonlocking constructs had radiographic evidence of mandibular canal damage and some of those mandibles also had evidence of tooth root damage, although the incidence of tooth root damage was much less than the incidence of mandibular canal damage.

Question 6

“Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for fixation of a simple transverse caudal mandibular fracture model in cats”. Greiner et al. AJVR. 2017:78(6).

what was the common mode of failure of the fixation constructs?

Answer 6

6/7 mandibles assigned to the locking construct and all 7 mandibles assigned to the nonlocking construct failed because of bone fracture adjacent to the 3 screws in the caudal mandibular fragment

Question 7

“Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 Cases (2001–2017)”. Saverino & Reiter. Frontiers. 2018.

what are the most common causes of lip avulsions?

Answer 7

etiology:
* animal bites (26.1%)
* vehicular trauma (21.7%).

In cats, the most common cause was vehicular trauma (25%).
In dogs, the most common cause was an animal bite (45.4%).

Question 8

“Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 Cases (2001–2017)”. Saverino & Reiter. Frontiers. 2018.

what was the most common lesion location of lip avulsion in dogs? in cats?

Answer 8

Bilateral rostral upper lip avulsion most common in dogs (36.3%).
Bilateral rostral lower lip avulsion most common in cats (53.8%).

Question 9

“Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 Cases (2001–2017)”. Saverino & Reiter. Frontiers. 2018.

what was the most frequent concurrent injury?

Answer 9

Concurrent injuries were frequent:
* dogs 81.8% (9/11)
* cats 83.3% (10/12)
* total 82.6% (19/23)

tooth fractures in 34.7%.

Question 10

“Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 Cases (2001–2017)”. Saverino & Reiter. Frontiers. 2018.

what was the most common complication following surgical correction of lip avulsions?

Answer 10

wound dehiscence in 3/14 (21.4%) cases available for short-term follow-up.

all 3 cases with dehiscence had either a bone fracture in the area or mandibular symphyseal separation.

Question 11

“Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Forces”. Soltero-Rivera et al. Frontiers. 2018.

what was the mean maximum force sustained by the maxillary P4 teeth at an impact angle of ~60◦?

Answer 11

the mean maximum force sustained by the tested teeth at the point of fracture was 1,281 N at a mean impact angle of 59.7◦

Question 12

“Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Forces”. Soltero-Rivera et al. Frontiers. 2018.

which independent variable was significantly associated with maximum force to fracture?

Answer 12

The only independent variable significantly associated with maximum force to fracture was the crown height to diameter ratio (H/D), suggesting that a decreased ratio increases tooth fracture resistance.

There was no significant correlation between dog age, weight or impact angle and the maximum force to fracture. All three variables showed a positive but non-significant relationship with maximum force to fracture.

Question 13

“Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats”. Marika E. Constantaras, Cynthia J. Charlier. JVD 2014.

Diff dx for open mouth cats?

Answer 13

• TMJ Luxation
• TMJ fracture
• caudal mandibular fracture
• impingement of the coronoid process of the mandible on the zygomatic arch
• mechanical obstruction:oral foreign bodies, soft tissue swelling, neoplasia, tooth-to tooth contact (secondary to trauma resulting in displacement of a tooth, as a result of periodontal disease associated with a maxillary canine)
• neuropathy

Question 14

Overall prevalence of traumatic dental injuries found in dental patients? In maxillofacial trauma patients?

Answer 14

• dental patients 26.2%
• maxillofacial trauma ~70% (71.4-72.1%)

JVD 2015. Soukup et al. “Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats 959 injuries in 660 patient visits”.

Question 15

JVD 2015. Soukup et al. Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats 959 injuries in 660 patient visits.

What teeth are most commonly injured by trauma?

Answer 15

• 70.7% maxillary teeth
• 58.7% rostral oral cavity (incisors/canines)
• 60.9% in strategic teeth (canines and carnassial)

teeth injured:
* 35.5% mandibular/maxillary canines
* 33.6% premolars
* 23.3% incisors
* 7.7% molars

when all types of injuries are combined the canines are most often affected.
when only fractures are counted the premolars are most often affected.

Question 16

JVD 2015. Soukup et al. Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats 959 injuries in 660 patient visits.

What signalment of patient is more likely to suffer a dental luxation?

Answer 16

< 3-years-old, sexually intact

Question 17

JVD 2015. Soukup et al. Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats 959 injuries in 660 patient visits.

What type of tooth is least likely to be affected by a traumatic dental injury?

Answer 17

canine teeth 35.5%
premolars 33.6%
incisors 23.3%
molars 7.7%

Question 18

“Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases”. Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015.

What are the 2 classes of traumatic dental alveolar injuries?

Answer 18

Separation injuries:

• a tooth is displaced away from the socket severing the PDL fibers
• avulsion, extrusive luxation

Crushing injuries:

• the tooth is traumatically forced into the socket or alveolar bone causing extensive damage to the PDL and neurovascular supply
• lateral luxation, intrusive luxation

Question 19

“Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases”. Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015.

What are the 6 types of tooth luxation injuries?

Answer 19

• concussion
• subluxation
• lateral luxation
• extrusion
• intrusion
• avulsion

Question 20

“Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases”. Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015.

complications of intrusive luxations?

Answer 20

• root resorption
• ankylosis
• marginal bone loss
• pulp canal obliteration
• pulp necrosis

Question 21

“Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases”. Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015.

in the dog, what teeth are most likely to sustain traumatic luxation injuries?

Answer 21

canine and incisor teeth (rostral positioning and exposure in the oral cavity).

“Classification and Epidemiology of Traumatic Dentoalveolar Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 959 Injuries in 660 Patient Visits (2004-2012)”. Jason W. Soukup et al. JVD 2015:
* Frequency of luxation injuries 17.3%
* 79.4% of luxation injuries in canine and incisor teeth

Question 22

“Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases”. Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015.

are intrusion/extrusion injuries associated with alveolar fracture?

Answer 22

• Intrusion is frequently associated with comminution or alveolar bone fracture.
• Extrusion is not generally accompanied by fracture of the surrounding bone.

Question 23

“Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases”. Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015.

Revascularisation of a tooth after luxation injuries has a better chance of happening when?

Answer 23

The stage of root development is a strong indicator for successful treatment of luxation injuries since it affects both pulpal healing and periodontal health.

• a greater chance for pulpal healing through revascularization in immature teeth where the apical foramen is >0.5mm
• revascularization is rare in patients where the apical foramen is <0.5mm

Question 24

“Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases”. Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015.

What size of apical foramen must be present in immature teeth to have the greatest chance of healing by revascularization?

Answer 24

> 0.5mm

Question 25

"Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases". Emily J. Edstrom et al. JVD 2015. What are the treatment options and recommendations in people with intruded teeth if the goal is to save the tooth?

Answer 25

* await spontaneous re-eruption in patients <17-years-old of age or those with incomplete root development * surgical repositioning in patients > 17-years-old of age or those with complete root development * In cases of complete intrusion where the incisal edge is at or below the alveolar bone level surgical repositioning is preferred (the tooth may be deeply wedged in the alveolar socket thus inhibiting spontaneous eruption)

Question 26

JVD 2015. Soukup et al. The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs. How does the crown height to diameter ratio influence the force to fracture of canine teeth?

Answer 26

mean forces to fracture canine teeth: * intact 494N * 10% decrease in H/D 573N * 20% decrease in H/D 630N within the pair, 20% H/D reduction of a canine tooth * reduced its probability of fracture by 86.5% * increased the probability for the unaltered contraletaral canine to fracture by 54.4%

Question 27

"Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs". Ellen Scherer, Scott Hetzel, Christopher J. Snyder. JVD. 2019:36(1). fractures involving mesial vs distal root of M1?

Answer 27

* The distal root was involved in 55.2% of cases * mesial root in 34.5% of cases * the mandibular M1 was absent in 10.3% of cases There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of fractures in the mesial versus distal roots

Question 28

"Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs". Scherer et al. JVD. 2019:36(1). what was the common fracture propagation in the rostral-to-caudal direction?

Answer 28

* caudoventral (15/29, 51.7%) * caudodorsal (7/29, 24.1%) * dorsoventral transverse (7/29, 24.1%)

Question 29

"Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs". Scherer et al. JVD. 2019:36(1). what was the common fracture propagation in the buccal-to-lingual direction?

Answer 29

* caudolingual 12/20 (60%) * caudobuccal 5/20 (25%) * buccolingual transverse 3/20 (15%)

Question 30

"Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs". Scherer et al. JVD. 2019:36(1). what was the typical propagation of mandibular fractures along M1?

Answer 30

significantly more fractures coursing along the PDL space and involving the periapical area (compromising the endodontic health of the tooth) [type A] * mesial roots (8/10 cases, 80%) * distal roots (10/16 cases, 62.5%)

Question 31

"Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs". Scherer et al. JVD. 2019:36(1). how many dogs suffered from periodontal disease resulting in over 25% alveolar bone loss associated with the root involved in the fracture site?

Answer 31

Periodontitis was associated with 7/29 (24.1%) cases * 6/7 with >50% alveolar bone loss associated with the root involved in the fracture site

Question 32

"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs—Part II: Association Between Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology". Mercedes H. De Paolo et al. Frontiers 2020. what fracture was associated with symphyseal separation?

Answer 32

symphyseal separation occurred simultaneously with fractures of the cribriform plate

Question 33

"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs—Part II: Association Between Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology". Mercedes H. De Paolo et al. Frontiers. 2020. what fracture was associated with a fracture of the premolar region of the mandible? molar region?

Answer 33

* the molar part of the mandible fractures with the ramus of the mandible * the premolar part fractures with the canine and incisive parts of the mandible

Question 34

"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs—Part II: Association Between Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology". Mercedes H. De Paolo et al. Frontiers. 2020. what etiology resulted in a relatively higher number of severely displaced and comminuted fractures?

Answer 34

Fracture etiology influenced fracture morphology. vehicular trauma resulted in a relatively higher number of severely displaced and comminuted fractures than other etiologies.

Question 35

"The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients". Alice E. Goodman et al. JVD 2020. what was the frequency of lesions of endodontic origin in the P4 with UCF?

Answer 35

The frequency of LEO was 24.3% in the UCF population

Question 36

"The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients". Alice E. Goodman et al. JVD 2020:37(2). what factor was significantly associated with developing lesions of endodontic origin in P4 with UCF?

Answer 36

Weight was a statistically significant factor. * The average weight of dogs with a UCF and LEO was 24.87 kg * with a UCF and no radiographic changes was 15.57 kg. = heavier dogs more likely to have LEO with a UCF * but for some weird stats reson when they said it like that the phrasing wasn't significant, but the above is true, as is the principle.

Question 37

"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs— Part I Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology". Frontiers 2020. De Paolo et al. Etiology of CMF trauma in dogs?

Answer 37

* Animal bites 50.3% * Unknown trauma 15% * Vehicular accidents 13% * Blunt force trauma 13%

Question 38

"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs— Part I Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology". Frontiers 2020. De Paolo et al. CMF trauma in dogs. What bones are most likely to be fractured? Least likely?

Answer 38

* maxilla (53.3%) * mandible: premolar region (41.2%), molar region (41.2%) * zygomatic (36.4%) * incisive (32.7%) * nasal (31.5%) * articular surface of the TMJ (30.3%) * pterygoid (17%) * parietal (3%) * occipital (1.2%)

Question 39

"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes". E Wolfs et al. Frontiers 2022. what were the bones most likely to fracture in immature dogs evaluated for cranio maxillofacial trauma?

Answer 39

* maxilla 55.3% * molar region of mandible 41.5% * TMJ articular surface 36.2% * premolar region of mandible 30.8% * pterygoid 19.1% * temporal 4.3% * parietal 4.2% * occipital 1.1% Rostral mandibular trauma associated with intra-articular fractures of the TMJ

Question 40

"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes". E Wolfs et al. Frontiers 2022. how many bones were fractured in each case?

Answer 40

an average of 8.8 ± 3.1 fractured bones or regions per dog

Question 41

"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes". E Wolfs et al. Frontiers 2022. what was the complication rate? what were the complications?

Answer 41

complications in 71.6% dogs * malocclusion 55.2% (associated with dentate mandibular jaw fractures) * T/NV 39.7% * tooth structure defects 36.2% * TMJ pseudoankylosis/osteoarthritis 10.3% further Tx was required in 55.6%, aditional XSS in 77.8%

Question 42

"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes". E Wolfs et al. Frontiers 2022. how many dogs had concomitant trauma?

Answer 42

concomitant injuries in 32% * ocular 20% * extremities 5% * cerebral 3% * spinal 2% * thorax 2%

Question 43

"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes". E Wolfs et al. Frontiers 2022. what factor was associated with a negative healing outcome?

Answer 43

There was a positive correlation between the severity of fracture fragmentation and displacement and a negative healing outcome

Question 44

"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes". E Wolfs et al. Frontiers 2022. what percentage of dogs required additional treatment?

Answer 44

Further treatment was required in 55.6% of the dogs. Additional dental extractions were performed in 77.7% of patients

Question 45

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". Ana C. Castejón-González et al. JVD 2022. what was the most common etiology of mandibular fracture in immature dogs?

Answer 45

* Trauma caused by a larger dog 79.3% (23/29) * HBC 6.9% (2/29) * injured by a baseball bat 3.4% (1/29) * electric cord injury 3.4% (1/29) * falling from the owner’s arms 3.4% (1/29) * unknown trauma 3.4% (1/29) Most puppies were bitten, often from the same household.

Question 46

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". Ana C. Castejón-González et al. JVD 2022:39(1). what percentage of puppies sustained a TMJ fracture?

Answer 46

incidence of TMJ fractures 18.5% (detected by CT vs 1.5-5% in previous studies using only rads) *in the Wolfs paper 36.2%*

Question 47

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". JVD 2022. Catejon-Gonzales et al. Which locations in the mandible were most commonly affected by fractures?

Answer 47

* mandibular body 51.8% (canine tooth area 46.4%, M1 area 35.7%) * mandibular ramus 48.2% (ventral half 53.8%, condylar process 38.5%) * TMJ 18.5%

Question 48

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". JVD 2022 Castejon-Gonzales et al. Treatment methods used?

Answer 48

Muzzling 72.4% other minimally invasive techniques: tissue debridement, wound closure, tooth extraction (no rigid internal fixation)

Question 49

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". JVD 2022. Castejon-Gonzales et al. Time to clinical healing? What factors significantly influenced healing time?

Answer 49

mean healing time: 21 ± 9 days (11-56) * age: older pappies healed faster, each additional day in age reduced healing time by 0.8 days * muzzle duration: each extra day wearing the muzzle increased healing time by 0.4 days

Question 50

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". Ana C. Castejón-González et al. JVD 2022:39(1). what percentage of puppies developed a skeletal malocclusion?

Answer 50

Skeletal malocclusion developed in 11/29 dogs (37.9%). corrective treatment (selected tooth extraction and active orthodontic procedure) to maintain a comfortable occlusion had to be performed in only one of them.

Question 51

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". JVD 2022. Catejon-Gonzales et al. What was the overall clinical outcome? complications?

Answer 51

all dogs achieved clinical healing with resolution of signs of pain and recovery of mandibular function. 9/29 (31%) developed complications requiring Sx: * abnormal development or eruption of permanent teeth in or near the mandibular fracture 7/9 (77.8%) * Draining tracts 1/9 (11.1%) * wound dehiscence 1/9 (11.1%) Skeletal malocclusion developed in 11/29 dogs (37.9%), corrective treatment (selected tooth extraction and active orthodontic procedure) to maintain a comfortable occlusion had to be performed in only one of them.

Question 52

"Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques". JVD 2022. Castejon-Gonzales et al. how many dogs developed a skeletal MAL? did it require treatment?

Answer 52

11/29 dogs (37.9%) only 1 required treatment to maintain a comfortable occlusion (extraction and incline plane)

Question 53

"Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures". Ana C. Castejon-Gonzalez & Alexander M. Reiter. JVD 2022:39(2). fractures in what area were associated with dental abnormalities?

Answer 53

Dental abnormalities occurred exclusively in dogs that had sustained fracture of the mandibular body or fracture at the transition of mandibular body and mandibular ramus.

Question 54

"Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures". Ana C. Castejon-Gonzalez & Alexander M. Reiter. JVD 2022:39(2). whar percentage of developing permanent teeth located in or near the mandibular fracture developed dental abnormalities?

Answer 54

25/34 (73.5%) of developing permanent teeth located in or near the mandibular fracture showed developmental abnormalities or were non-vital (with pulp necrosis) at follow-up visits.

Question 55

"Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures". Ana C. Castejon-Gonzalez & Alexander M. Reiter. JVD 2022:39(2). what percentage of the teeth affected by abnormalities were located in or near the mandibular fracture?

Answer 55

85% of the teeth affected by abnormalities were located in or near the mandibular fracture. 6 other permanent teeth (not located in or near the previous mandibular fracture) also developed abnormalities.

Question 56

"Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures". Ana C. Castejon-Gonzalez & Alexander M. Reiter. JVD 2022:39(2). what percentage of deciduous teeth located in or near the mandibular fracture exfoliated uneventfully?

Answer 56

14 deciduous teeth were located in or near the mandibular fracture * 9/14 (64.3%) exfoliated uneventfully * 4/14 (28.6%) did not exfoliate * 1/14 (7.2%) non-vital

Question 57

"Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures". Ana C. Castejon-Gonzalez & Alexander M. Reiter. JVD 2022:39(2). what was the most common dental abnormality?

Answer 57

The most common dental abnormalities were: * failure of eruption or partial eruption (29%) * resorption of tooth buds (22.6%) * abnormal shape (19.4%) * enamel hypoplasia (16.1%)

Question 58

"Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures". Castejon-Gonzalez & Reiter. What structural abnormality is often associated with early trauma (before 12 weeks of age)?

Answer 58

Enamel hypoplasia, due to damage to ameloblasts during crown formation

Question 59

"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes". Wolfs E, Arzi B, Guerrero Cota J, Kass PH and Verstraete FJM. FVETS 2022. which repair technique shows the best clinical outcome for treating pediatric craniomaxillofacial fractures?

Answer 59

Tx modality: * muzzle therapy in 53.2% * soft tissue closure in 47.9% * selective dental extractions in 27.6% There was no significant difference between treatment modalities used.

Question 60

"Approach and Interfragmentary Stabilization of Caudal Mandibular Fracture in the Cat". Katherine Kling & Sandra Manfra Marretta. JVD 2023:40(1). in what direction is the caudal fragment of the mandibular fracture displaced and why?

Answer 60

In caudal mandibular fractures, the insertions of the temporalis muscle on the coronoid process, the masseter muscle on the masseteric fossa and angular process, and the pterygoid muscle on the angular process (all responsible for closing the mouth) contributes to dorsal displacement of the caudal fracture fragment

Question 61

"Approach and Interfragmentary Stabilization of Caudal Mandibular Fracture in the Cat". Katherine Kling & Sandra Manfra Marretta. JVD 2023:40(1). how is access to the distal fragment of the fracture fragment achieved?

Answer 61

The approach combines an intraoral, mucosal incision with a commissurotomy/buccotomy. extending the incision along the alveolar crest along the mucosa to the mucocutaneous junction , and continuing caudally using a 2.5-3 cm commissurotomy, blunt dissection, and retraction of the masseter muscle to access the distal mandible.

Question 62

"Approach and Interfragmentary Stabilization of Caudal Mandibular Fracture in the Cat". Katherine Kling & Sandra Manfra Marretta. JVD 2023:40(1). what can be done when there isn't enough bone distal to M1 for drilling a hole for the wire?

Answer 62

A hole can be created in the interradicular bone of the M1 if there isn't sufficient bone distal to it. * when trauma is limited to the cementum and peripheral dentin, the tooth will survive. * the drilled holes in these cases were placed approximately 3–5 mm from the fracture edge, less than the recommended 5–10 mm.

Question 63

"Approach and Interfragmentary Stabilization of Caudal Mandibular Fracture in the Cat". Katherine Kling & Sandra Manfra Marretta. JVD 2023:40(1). in what direction should wires be placed to resist shear and rotational forces?

Answer 63

Drilled holes placed so that the wires pass perpendicular to the fracture line are ideal for resisting shear and rotational forces.

Question 64

"Approach and Interfragmentary Stabilization of Caudal Mandibular Fracture in the Cat". Katherine Kling & Sandra Manfra Marretta. JVD 2023:40(1). what is the recommended placement of holes in the buccal and lingual cortex for appropriate fracture compression?

Answer 64

Angling the bur slightly so that the holes on the buccal cortex are slightly closer to the fracture line than the holes on the lingual cortex will allow appropriate compression of the fracture

Question 65

"Approach and Interfragmentary Stabilization of Caudal Mandibular Fracture in the Cat".Katherine Kling & Sandra Manfra Marretta. JVD 2023:40(1). what is the fate of teeth sustaining trauma following drilling (during stabilization of fractures)?

Answer 65

in humans, when the trauma was limited to the cementum and peripheral dentin, the outcome was survival of the tooth

Question 66

"Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures". Castejon-Gonzalez & Reiter. from 20 MN FXs what were they located?

Answer 66

70% - body 30 % - ramus

Question 67

"Location and distribution of craniomaxillofacial fractures in 45 cats presented for the treatment of head trauma". Tundo et al. JFMS 2018. What were the most common fracture locations? Average # of fractures?

Answer 67

fractured regions: * mandible 86.7% * skull 80% * orbit 68.9% (bilateral 83.9%) * nasopharynx 68.9% (bilateral 90.3%) * TMJ 57.8% * symphysis / parasymphysis 55.6% * intermaxillary suture 44.4% * TMJ luxation 8.9% * cranium 4.4% fractures in the mid-face (nasopharynx, orbit, nose (51.1%), upper jaw (51.1%), intermaxillary suture, and zygomatic arch (33.3%)) are likely to occur together. The average number of anatomical regions containing at least one fracture was 7.24.

Question 68

"Temporomandibular joint injuries and ankylosis in the cat". M. A. Çetinkaya. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012. How common is the TMJ ankylosis in a cat after trauma?

Answer 68

Ankylosis was observed in 10.97% of cases * generally observed in fracture combinations of condylar process and mandibular fossa * No significant relationship between age and development of ankylosis

Question 69

Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. What was the prevalence of TDI (in patients anesthetized for oral treatment)?

Answer 69

2523 patients were anesthetized for oral treatment during the study period. There was a total of 660 patient visits for 621 patients with at least one TDI identified (prevalence of **26.2%**), accounting for 959 total injuries. ## Footnote *“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)” . Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015.*

Question 70

"Classification and epidemiology of traumatic Dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: ...". Soukup et al. JVD 2015 How many TDIs were averaged per patient?

Answer 70

mean 1.45 ## Footnote *"Classification and Epidemiology of Traumatic Dentoalveolar Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 959 Injuries in 660 Patient Visits (2004-2012)". Jason W. Soukup, Scott Hetzel, Annie Paul. JVD 2015*

Question 71

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what percent were dogs/cats? males/females?

Answer 71

92.7% (612/660) dogs 7.3% (48/660) cats 48.3% (319/660) males * 73.4% (234/319) castrated * 26.6% (85/319) intact 51.7% (341/660) females * 87.4% (298/341) spayed * 12.6% (43/341) intact (not split up by dogs/cats)

Question 72

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what were the most common dog and cat breeds presented with TDI?

Answer 72

91 dog breeds and 11 cat breeds were included. A study rank was assigned according to the prevalence of each breed within the study population. In general the study rank of each breed followed the popularity of the breed within the population at large. The most common dog breeds: * Labrador retriever 17.9% (110/612) * German shepherd 8.6% (53/612) * Golden retriever 6.8% (42/612) * Border collie 4.1% (25/612) * mixed breed 3.3% (20/612) The most common cat breeds: * domestic short-hair 62.5% (30/48) * domestic medium-hair 10.4% (5/48) * domestic long-hair 6.3% (3/48) * Siamese 4.2% (2/48) * Abyssinian 4.2% (2/48)

Question 73

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. where did the majority of TDI occur (maxilla/mandible, rostral/caudal)? What were the most commonly injured teeth?

Answer 73

Maxilla 70.7% (670/959??) * incisors 23.9% (160/670) * canines 32.5% (218/670) * premolars 40.1% (269/670) * molars 3.4% (23/670) Mandible 30.1% (289/959) * incisors 21.1% (61/289) * canines 42.2% (122/289) * premolars 19.4% (56/289) * molars 17.3% (50/289) rostral (incisors/canines) 58.7% (563/959) incisors 23.3% (223/959) canines 35.5% (340/959) premolars 33.6% (322/959) molars 7.7% (74/959) strategic teeth (distributed evenly between canines and carnassials) 60.9% (584/959) maxillary P4 92.2% of carnassial teeth injured

Question 74

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what was the most common TDI?

Answer 74

dental fractures 82.4% (consistent w human studies) * **CCF 49.6%** * concussion 14.4% * **UCF 12.2%** * **CCRF 10.8%** * **enamel fracture 4.1%** * **root fracture 3.5%** * **UCRF 1.9%** * avulsion 1.6% * lateral luxation 0.8% * alveolar fracture 0.3% * **enamel infraction 0.2%** * extrusion (extrusive luxation) 0.2% * intrusion (intrusive luxation) 0.2% * subluxation 0.1%

Question 75

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what TDI were considered “severe”? what teeth were significantly more likely to be affected? least likely?

Answer 75

* lateral luxation * intrusive luxation * extrusive luxation * avulsion * enamel-dentin-pulp fx (CCF) * crown-root fx w pulp involvement (CCRF) * root fracture 66.8% (641/959) severe injuries. Incisor, canine, and premolar teeth were all significantly more likely to sustain a severe injury when compared to molar teeth

Question 76

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what was the frequency of luxation injuries? to what teeth?

Answer 76

Luxation injuries 17.3% (166/959): * concussion 14.4% (138/959) * avulsion 1.6% (15/959) * lateral luxation 0.8% (8/959) * extrusive luxation 0.2% (2/959) * intrusive luxation 0.2% (2/959) * subluxation 0.1% (1/959) canine and incisor teeth 79.4% concussive injuries: * most common in canine teeth 46.4% or incisors 29.7% (of concussion injuries) * premolars and carnassials (maxillary P4, mandibular M1) significantly less likely to sustain a concussion injury (3.7%) compared to incisors (18.4%), canines (18.8%), and molars (28.4%) (prevalence of concussions per tooth type)

Question 77

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what teeth had the highest prevalence of fracture injuries? what was the frequency of tooth fractures overall?

Answer 77

tooth fractures 82.4% * premolars 39% * canines 33.3% * incisors 21% * molars 6.7%

Question 78

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. where were enamel-dentin fractures and enamel-dentin-pulp fractures more commonly located?

Answer 78

Enamel-dentin and enamel-dentin-pulp fractures: 40.1% in canines, 35.6% in premolars * Enamel-dentin fractures significantly more common in premolar teeth. * Enamel-dentin-pulp fractures significantly more common in canine teeth.

Question 79

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. where did Crown-Root Fx (w and w/o pulp involvement) occur most commonly? root fractures?

Answer 79

Crown-Root Fx 12.7% (122/959) * premolars 57.4% (70/122) Root Fx 3.5% (34/959) * incisors 73.5% (25/34); mandibular incisors 47% (16/34), maxillary incisors 26.5% (9/34)

Question 80

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what were the most common age groups to sustain injury? what about luxation injuries? did reproductive status matter?

Answer 80

3-6.9 years 33% (316/959) 7-10 years 31.3% (300/959 TDI were less common < 3 years old and > 10 years old. This relationship was consistent for concussion injuries, enamel-dentin fractures, enamel-dentin-pulp fractures, and crown-root fractures with pulp involvement. Luxation injuries were found most often in the < 3 years old group (46.4%) and generally declined in frequency with age. Specifically, lateral luxation occurred significantly more often in patients < 3 years old. Intact animals were more likely to sustain a lateral luxation.

Question 81

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. is the prevalence of TDI consistent with other studies?

Answer 81

in human literature yes. in vet med previous studies have involved maxillofacial trauma/fractures specifically so the % has been higher (71.4-72.1%)

Question 82

“Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012)”. Soukup, Hetzel, Paul. JVD 2015. what was the prevalence of concussive injuries? Is this accurate per the authors?

Answer 82

14.4%, likely underestimated. If young PDL may heal from minor luxation or concussive injury however may lead to pulp necrosis which may not be diagnosed until later (when radiographically evident). In humans easier to diagnose based on feedback (percussion)

Question 83

"The Influence of Force Direction on the Fracture Pattern and Fracture Resistance of Canine Teeth in Dogs". Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. How were the fracture patterns associated with different force directions?

Answer 83

The most common fracture propagation pattern (fracture class) for each group was propagation in the same direction as the load direction. mesial to distal: * 25% transverse * 66.7% oblique with propagation in the mesial-distal direction * 8.3% oblique with propagation in the labial-linguinal direction distal to mesial: * 85.7% oblique with propagation in the distal-mesial direction * 14.3% transverse labial to lingual: * 41.7% transverse fractures * 58.3% oblique with propagation in the labial-lingual direction

Question 84

"Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs". Scherer et al. JVD 2019. what were the localizations of the fractures? What was the most common fracture pattern? How many of the M1 teeth involved had periodontitis? What was most common propagation of the fractures in the rostral-caudal direction? buccolingual direction?

Answer 84

Localization: * 55.2% distal root * 34.5% mesial root * 10.3% M1 was absent The most common pattern was Schloss and Maretta type A (along the PDL space, communicates between the oral cavity and apex) * 8/10 (80%) of mesial roots * 10/16 (62.5%) of distal roots rostral-caudal propagation: * caudoventral 51.7% * caudodorsal 24.1% * transverse 24.1% buccolingual propagation: * caudolingual 60% * caudobuccal 25% * transverse 15% periodontitis: * associated with 7/29 (24.1%) cases * 6/7 demonstrating >50% alveolar bone loss associated with the root involved in the fracture * all but 1 of the cases exhibiting bone loss were over 7 years of age (1 patient was 4 years old), and all weighed ≤10.4 kg

Question 85

"Modified Labial Button Technique for Maintaining Occlusion After Caudal Mandibular Fracture/Temporomandibular Joint Luxation in the Cat". Alice E. Goodman, Daniel T. Carmichael. JVD 2016. In the study by Koestlin et al, what was the outcome of 72 cats with caudal mandibular fractures and TMJ luxations treated using the ‘‘labial reverse suture through buttons’’ technique (percentage free of discomfort and radiographic healing)?

Answer 85

94% free of discomfort 68% radiographic healing

Question 86

"Modified Labial Button Technique for Maintaining Occlusion After Caudal Mandibular Fracture/Temporomandibular Joint Luxation in the Cat". Alice E. Goodman, Daniel T. Carmichael. JVD 2016. Why is this procedure preferred in young patients?

Answer 86

Avoids rigid fixation, allows continued growth

Question 87

"Modified Labial Button Technique for Maintaining Occlusion After Caudal Mandibular Fracture/Temporomandibular Joint Luxation in the Cat". Alice E. Goodman, Daniel T. Carmichael. JVD 2016. What type of fractures can this technique be used for?

Answer 87

Minimally displaced subcondylar and pericondylar fractures (favourable caudal mandibular fractures) without joint involvement

Question 88

"Modified Labial Button Technique for Maintaining Occlusion After Caudal Mandibular Fracture/Temporomandibular Joint Luxation in the Cat". Alice E. Goodman, Daniel T. Carmichael. JVD 2016. what modification to the original technique was made?

Answer 88

In the traditional version of this technique, 2 lines of suture are used, each connecting a ventral button to the left or right lip with knots tied over each labial button. The modification here uses a single suture for all three buttons with only one knot secured on the ventral chin. * allows for improved accuracy in achieving appropriate occlusion via simultaneous application of tension to both sides of the construct when securing the ventral knot. * the endotracheal tube diameter can be used as a guide for how much mouth opening to maintain (will provide approximately 5 mm space between the maxillary and the mandibular arcades, allowing tongue movement for drinking and lapping up a slurry of liquefied food)

Question 89

“Clinical presentation, causes, tx, and outcome of lip avulsion injuries in dogs and cats: 24 cases (2001-2017)”. Saverino, Reiter. FVETS 2018. what is the most common cause of lip avulsion? in what age group? what was the clinical presentation in dogs/cats, bilater/unilat? what was most common short-term complication?

Answer 89

Etiology: * dogs animal bite (45%) * cats HBC (25%) young animals <3y (68.2%) Clinical presentation: * dogs bilateral rostral maxillary lip avulsion (36%) * cats bilateral rostral mandibular lip avulsion (54%) wound dehiscence (21.4%)

Question 90

"Traumatic Dentoalveolar and Maxillofacial Injuries in Cats: Overview of diagnosis and management". Soukup JW & Snyder CJ. What is the most common TDI in cats?

Answer 90

Enamel-dentin-pulp fracture

Question 91

“Mandibular Lip avulsion repair in the dog and cat”. Viacri & Stepaniuk. JVD 2014. what are some common causes of lip avulsion injury? What are the first steps prior to repair?

Answer 91

etiology: * vehicular trauma * falls (high rise syndrome) * bite wounds steps prior to repair: * intraoral rads/CT * meticulous debridement/lavage * repair of mandibular fractures/symphyseal separation and fractured teeth

Question 92

"Mandibular Lip avulsion repair in the dog and cat”. Viacri & Stepaniuk. JVD 2014. what is the most common complication of lip avulsion repair? what can you do to prevent this?

Answer 92

dehiscence and infection. tension free closure with large labial mucosal flaps +/ intraosseous repair techniques with meticulous debridement/lavage and delicate tissue handling; also very important to restore the gingival collar!

Question 93

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what percent of fractures in cats are TMJ and mandibular? What are differentials for inability to close the mouth in a cat?

Answer 93

11.3-23% of all fractures in cats DDs for inability to close the mouth: * TMJ luxation * TMJ fracture, mandibular fx * impingement of coronoid process on zygomatic arch * mechanical obstruction (including teeth) * neuropathy

Question 94

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. name the bones that make up the fused portions of the maxilla, mandible and calvarium.

Answer 94

Question 95

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. name the bones and prominences that make up the TMJ on this radiograph.

Answer 95

Question 96

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. name the bony prominences seen here that make up the TMJ.

Answer 96

Question 97

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. which side has coronoid impingement laterally? Note it on the radiograph.

Answer 97

LEFT Photograph (A) of a Persian cat with open-mouth jaw locking secondary to impingement of the coronoid process on the zygomatic arch. The dorsoventral radiograph (B) taken during the open-mouth jaw locking episode shows impingement of the left coronoid process with the zygomatic arch. Note the rotation of the mandibles to the left.

Question 98

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. given this radiograph, what is the most common cause of the open jaw locking and abnormalities on DV radiograph?

Answer 98

right rostrodorsal TMJ luxation

Question 99

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what is the cartilaginous symphysis joining the 2 mandibles called? what are the 3 processes of the ramus of the mandible?

Answer 99

the cartilaginous symphysis joining the two mandibles: synchondrosis the three processes of the ramus: * coronoid process * condylar process * angular process

Question 100

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what is different about the TMJ joint capsule in cats?

Answer 100

the lateral aspect is thickened which limits lateral movement of the condyle sometimes a caudal capsular reinforcement may be present

Question 101

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what are the muscles of mastication? What is their innervation? What muscles hold the condylar process in the mandibular fossa?

Answer 101

the masticatory muscles: * masseter * temporalis * medial and lateral pterygoids * rostral and caudal bellies of the digastricus all innervated by the mandibular branch of trigeminal n except caudal belly of digastricus which is innervated by the facial n. masseter, pterygoid, and temporalis hold condylar process in mandibular fossa

Question 102

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what is the most common type of TMJ luxation? What is its clinical presentation?

Answer 102

rostrodorsal luxation of condylar process w or w/o fracture or symphyseal separation. presents with open mouth, jaw dropped and pushed rostral locating away from the side of TMJ luxation (unless bilateral). least common is unilateral caudal luxation.

Question 103

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what is a more common maxillofacial injury involving the TMJ (not luxation)?

Answer 103

fracture of the condylar process causing collapse of the mandibles towards the side of the fracture resulting in asymmetrical malocclusion

Question 104

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. in what direction does a rostrodorsal luxation, caudal luxation, and/or mandibular fracture cause the mandible to drift?

Answer 104

* away from luxation in rostrodorsal * toward for caudal or mandibular fracture

Question 105

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what percent of cases with mandibular symphyseal separation or mandibular fracture have at least one other injury in addition on a CT scan?

Answer 105

up to 35.7% of cases have at least one other less apparent injury such as a fracture of the retroarticular process

Question 106

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what are some structural abnormalities associated with TMJ dysplasia leading to open jaw locking syndrome? in what breeds?

Answer 106

structural abnormalities described with TMJ dysplasia in cats: * shallow manidbular condylar head and fossa * hypoplastic articular eminences * hypoplastic or thickened retroarticular processes * joint capsule laxity In dogs, open-mouth jaw locking secondary to TMJ subluxation occurs most frequently in chrondrodyrstrophic and brachycephalics (Basset Hounds, CKCS, Boxers). In the few cases reported in cats several were Persians.

Question 107

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what are treatment options for lateral impingement of the coronoid process on the zygomatic arch leading to open jaw locking syndrome?

Answer 107

Tx options for lateral impingement of the coronoid process on the zygomatic arch leading to open jaw locking syndrome: * partial osteotomy of the ventral margin of the zygomatic arch * coronoidectomy * partial resection of the rostral portion of the zygomatic arch combined with partial resection of coronoid process * temporary MMF * imbrication-plication of the lateral aspect of the TMJ capsule * mandibular condylectomy

Question 108

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. if jaw locking is secondary to excessive laxity of the symphysis what are some treatment options?

Answer 108

* symphysiotomy * symphysiectomy & intermandibualr arthrodesis have been successful in the cat

Question 109

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what is the most common cause of open mouth dental interlock in cats?

Answer 109

maxillary canine tooth deviation causing tooth-to-tooth contact secondary to perio/TR. Tx w extraction

Question 110

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. what is the clinical presentation of trigeminal neuropathy? what are causes of trigeminal neuropathy?

Answer 110

clinical presentation of trigeminal neuropathy: * acute onset of dropped jaw * difficulty prehending food * messy eating * drooling * mouth hangs passively * can be closed but flops back open * NON-PAINFUL etiology of trigeminal neuropathy: * Dogs carrying heavy objects * traumatic TMJ luxation after days waiting for reduction

Question 111

“Maxillofacial injuries and diseases that cause an open mouth in cats”. Constantaras & Charlier. JVD 2014. how long does it take dogs and cats to return to normal function following trigeminal neuropathy?

Answer 111

* dogs: 2-3 weeks * cats: 15-20d for movement; 32d for resolution

Question 112

“management of TMJ luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle”. Somrak et al. JVD 2015. what is the most common TMJ luxation presentation in a cat?

Answer 112

rostrodorsal displacement of one mandibular condyle. * the mandibles shift to the side opposite of the luxation. * clinical sign: inability to close mouth

Question 113

“management of TMJ luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle”. Somrak et al. JVD 2015. how does a caudoventral TMJ luxation present?

Answer 113

the mandibles shift caudally and toward the luxated side

Question 114

“management of TMJ luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle”. Somrak et al. JVD 2015. once an uncomplicated TMJ luxation is reduced (closed under GA), what must be done to prevent recurrence of the luxation while soft tissues are healing?

Answer 114

movement of the TMJs should be restricted for 1-4 weeks during the healing period * MMF * labial reverse suture through buttons * bignathic encircling and retaining device (BEARD) * tape muzzle

Question 115

“management of TMJ luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle”. Somrak et al. JVD 2015. what are 2 methods of closed reduction techniques?

Answer 115

* using a fulcrum (wooden dowel or pencil) caudal mouth and close swiftly * manual reduction using gentle traction: grasping and gently distracting the luxated mandible slightly rostrally and then ventrally, followed by guiding the mandible caudally to allow the condyle to be pulled back into the mandibular fossa by the surrounding musculature.

Question 116

“management of TMJ luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle”. Somrak et al. JVD 2015. what are some common complications of tape muzzles? how long should they be left in place?

Answer 116

* moist dermatitis * alopecia * aspiration * incomplete fracture stabilization resulting in non or malunion fx w subsequent malocclusion * delayed return to fx * patient noncompliance 1-4 weeks

Question 117

“management of TMJ luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle”. Somrak et al. JVD 2015. what are complications of more rigid fixation?

Answer 117

* soft tissue swelling * discharge * appliance loosening * aspiration * difficulty eating/breathing * detrimental thermoregulation (should still be able to pant and vomit)

Question 118

“management of TMJ luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle”. Somrak et al. JVD 2015. what are some contraindications for a tape muzzle?

Answer 118

* fx canines preventing canine interdigitation * brachycephalics * pre-existing or post-traumatic respiratory distress * vomiting or regurge * bilateral mandibular fx * complicated/displaced/comminuted fractures

Question 119

“Management and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9-week-old dog”. Castejon-Gonzalez, Buelow & Reiter. JVD 2018. what are the most common causes of maxillofacial trauma in dogs? what groups of dogs are over represented?

Answer 119

surprisingly did not reference Soukup/Snyder articles. causes of maxillofacial trauma in dogs: * HBC * dog bites overrepresented: * young dogs <1y * small breeds

Question 120

“Management and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9 week old dog”. Castejon-Gonzalez, Buelow & Reiter. JVD 2018. what factors should be considered when determining jaw fracture management? what are some types of fixation?

Answer 120

factors to consider when managing jaw fractures: * patient age * fracture type and location * presence and condition of teeth for anchorage * jaw bone quality * available methods for stabilization * operator skill fixation techniques: * maxillomandibular fixation (tape muzzle, labial buttons, inter arch splinting) * interdental splinting (with interdental wiring) * external skeletal fixation * open stabilization with surgical hardware (intraosseous wiring, bone plating) * salvage procedures (removal of the fractured piece of jaw, commissuroplasty)

Question 121

“Management and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9-week-old dog”. Castejon-Gonzalez, Buelow & Reiter. JVD 2018. what are complications of maxillofacial trauma even following fixation? what were some limitations in the type of fixation chosen given the patient’s signalment?

Answer 121

Potential sequelae of maxillofacial trauma: * dental injuries * malocclusion * palatal defects * osteomyelitis * bone sequestrum * delayed or nonunion of bone fx * facial deformities * delayed or abnormal dental eruption patient age (9wk) jaws still growing, incomplete permanent dentition * Invasive repair techniques (intraosseous wiring or bone plating): potential for inhibiting proper bone formation and interference with the developing tooth buds * interdental splints: not possible due to lack of sufficient dentition * Noninvasive repair with a tape muzzle was therefore considered the most appropriate treatment option

Question 122

“Management and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9 week old dog”. Castejon-Gonzalez, Buelow & Reiter. JVD 2018. what were long-term complications considered for this patient?

Answer 122

* class 3 malocclusion with linguoversion of the deciduous mandibular canine teeth * open left mandibular body fracture * right condylar process fracture * multiple maxillary fractures long-term complications considered for this patient: * abnormal development of upper and lower jaws causing malocclusion * nonunion or malunion of bone fx * abnormal tooth development: EH, abnormal crown/root shape, infection, pulpitis, pulp necrosis, abnormal eruption * TMJ pain, ankylosis, DJD

Question 123

“Management and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9 week old dog”. Castejon-Gonzalez, Buelow & Reiter. JVD 2018. in the developing mandible, where does bony deposition occur up to 50d? >50d? (rostral/caudal)? an asymmetric malocclusion (side-to-side and rostrocaudal) was noted. Is there additional fixation that could have been used to help avoid this?

Answer 123

Growth of the upper jaw in width and length during craniofacial development is attributed to the nasomaxillary, palatomaxillary, and intermaxillary sutures. The lower jaw grows in length mainly by deposition of bone in the rostral aspect of the mandibles during the first 50 days after birth, and continued growth is via bone formation at the caudal aspect of the mandibles. interfragmentary stabilization with absorbable synthetic suture (placed through small holes in the bone). will lose tension over 2-3 weeks and should not interfere with jaw growth.

Question 124

“Management and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9 week old dog”. Castejon-Gonzalez, Buelow & Reiter. JVD 2018. what are the goals in management of maxillofacial fx? why was TMJ surgical correction not recommended?

Answer 124

goals in management of maxillofacial fx: * during repair: restore a functional nonpainful occlusion; avoid dental, vascular, and nerve damage * following repair: maintain adequate nutrition and airway patency; treat or prevent infection * long-term: monitor healing; look for potential complications TMJ Sx was not reccomended (right TMJ fractures involved the medial aspect of the mandibular head of the condylar process and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, mildly displaced) * removal of the fragments would likely have caused more damage and could have impaired future growth of the jaw * Indications for Sx of injury of the bony components of the TMJ are comminuted fractures and fractures affecting the articular surfaces. An alternative is to manage them conservatively and only perform a condylectomy if the patient develops pain on opening and closing the mouth or exhibits progressive reduction in mouth opening.

Question 125

Dental fractures in domestic dogs are common. The prevalence is reported to be as high as ?%.

Answer 125

27%

Question 126

"Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs". Scherer, Hetzel & Snyder. JVD 2019. study design? findings?

Answer 126

Retrospective analysis of mandibular fractures in the mandibular M1 region in dogs * distal root involved in 16/29 (55.2%) cases mesial root in 10/29 (34.5%) tooth was absent in 3/29 (10.3%) NOT significant * caudoventral (unfavorable) 15/29 (51.7%) dorsoventral transverse 7/29 (24.1%) caudodorsal (favorable) 7/29 (24.1%) NOT significant * caudolingual 12/20 (60%) caudobuccal 5/20 (25%) buccolingual transverse 3/20 (15%) SIGNIFICANT * Maretta/Schloss type A fracture patterns in 8/10 (80%) mesial, 10/16 (62.5%) distal median age 2 years median weight 5.9 kg etiology: * animal on animal contact: 6/10 (60%) mesial root, 10/16 (62.5%) distal root * inanimate object/fall: 4/10 (40%) mesial root, 2/16 (12.5%) distal root * HBC: 1/16 (6.3%) distal root * pathologic fx: 3/18 (18.8%) distal root fewer HBC and hit by object than other studies -> fewer comminuted fractures (caused by impact with force)

Question 127

“Ocular trauma originating from within the oral cavity: clinical relevance and histologic findings in 10 cases (2003-2013)". Felicia D. Duke, Christopher J. Snyder, Ellison Bentley, Richard R. Dubielzig. JVD 2014. what separates the distal root of the maxillary P4 and molar roots from the orbit?

Answer 127

Thin bone * The orbital floor separates the oral cavity from the orbit and is comprised of the medial pterygoid muscle, the zygomatic salivary gland, and the soft palate. * The absence of a bony barrier makes the orbit and globe susceptible to penetrating injuries from the oral cavity.

Question 128

“Ocular trauma originating from within the oral cavity: clinical relevance and histologic findings in 10 cases (2003-2013)". Felicia D. Duke, Christopher J. Snyder, Ellison Bentley, Richard R. Dubielzig. JVD 2014. what are characteristics of penetrating ocular injuries from the oral cavity? what is panophthalmitis?

Answer 128

* perforation at 6 o’clock meridian at or posterior to the equator of ventral aspect of the globe * inflammation of the orbital tissues * potentially lens capsule rupture and/or presence of bacteria panophthalmitis is inflammation of all structures and tunics of the eye

Question 129

“Ocular trauma originating from within the oral cavity: clinical relevance and histologic findings in 10 cases (2003-2013)". Felicia D. Duke, Christopher J. Snyder, Ellison Bentley, Richard R. Dubielzig. JVD 2014. 8 dogs, 2 cats; all had a dental procedure. Was the breed important? what were some clinical findings at presentation?

Answer 129

Yes! small breed dogs were considered a risk factor for traumatic injury to the globe. panophthalmitis orbital cellulitis hyphema hypopyon cataract iris bombe exophthalmos buphthalmos glaucoma mucopurulent discharge retinal detachment blepharospasm negative dazzle ONF and oro-orbital fistulae

Question 130

“Ocular trauma originating from within the oral cavity: clinical relevance and histologic findings in 10 cases (2003-2013)". Felicia D. Duke, Christopher J. Snyder, Ellison Bentley, Richard R. Dubielzig. JVD 2014. following a dental, what clinical signs would warrant further evaluation of the globe? should they be referred? what treatment might be warranted? what type of prognosis is there for globe perforations?

Answer 130

* exophthalmos * redness * discharge * intraocular disease (edema, aqueous flare, sudden cataract formation, vision loss) shortly after dental extraction refer to ophthalmologist immediately to save eye. tx aggressively: broad spectrum abx, ecollar, NSAID, tarsorraphy (if appropriate). extremely poor prognosis for vision and/or globe salvage

Question 131

“Ocular trauma originating from within the oral cavity: clinical relevance and histologic findings in 10 cases (2003-2013)". Felicia D. Duke, Christopher J. Snyder, Ellison Bentley, Richard R. Dubielzig. JVD 2014. what is usually the cause of panophthalmitis? what are sequelae of intraocular inflammation?

Answer 131

rare condition almost exclusively as a late complication of uncontrolled bacterial endophthalmitis from a penetrating injury. intraocular inflammation including retinal detachment, cataract formation, secondary glaucoma

Question 132

"Ocular trauma originating from within the oral cavity: clinical relevance and histologic findings in 10 cases (2003-2013)". Felicia D. Duke, Christopher J. Snyder, Ellison Bentley, Richard R. Dubielzig. JVD 2014. what is septic implantation syndrome (SIS)?

Answer 132

a unique distribution of intralenticular bacteria and lenticular abscess causes a festering inflammatory process with subclinical uveitis for weeks to a year.

Question 133

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what is the prevalence of dental fractures in dogs? what is the most commonly fractured tooth?

Answer 133

27% canine tooth, 35.5-57.1% (depending on the study)

Question 134

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what is “moment”, the formula and what does each part mean?

Answer 134

M = F x a M=moment F=force a=moment arm (crown height, H) H is the moment arm for a force applied perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. The taller the crown the greater the moment generated at the base of the tooth. Moment is directly proportional to bending stress, tensile, and compressive stresses it produces

Question 135

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. how were the 30 beagle teeth measured for hard tissue volume?

Answer 135

* H/D ratio measured * total crown volume calculated w right elliptical cone formula [V= πab(h/3); V = volume, a = minor base diameter, b = major base diameter, h = crown height] * lateral rad of each tooth to measure pulp chamber diameter and length * pulp chamber volume calculated w cone formula [V=1/3(πr2h); V = volume, r = pulp chamber radius, and h = pulp chamber height] * pulp chamber volume subtracted from total crown volume to yield hard tissue volume

Question 136

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. how did the authors come up with their margin of safety bite force number?

Answer 136

the maximum pulling force developed by 6 military dogs during biting exercises was 480-1000N. took this by half as this model is on a single tooth, not using both maxillary canines

Question 137

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what were the mean forces required to fracture teeth in group A (intact teeth), B (10% H/D reduction), and C (20% H/D reduction)?

Answer 137

* Group A: 494N * Group B: 573N * Group C: 630N

Question 138

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what was the relationship between H/D and mean force applied to fracture teeth? Was there a significant difference between mean force applied to each group? what about between groups?

Answer 138

inverse relationship between H/D and mean force to fracture tooth observed (shorter crown requires more force). mean force to fracture * group A (intact), 494N * group B (10% H/D reduction), 573N * group C (20% H/D reduction), 630N no sinificant difference of mean force to fracture between A and B or B and C. significant difference of mean force to fracture between A and C !

Question 139

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what was the probability of tooth fracture in each group? what was the decreased probability of tooth fracture in group B and C?

Answer 139

* group A (intact) probability of fracture 36.7% * group B (10% H/D reduction) probability of fracture 27.8% -> decreases probability of fracture by 24.1% * group C (20% H/D reduction) probability of fracture 14.5% -> decreases probability of fracture by 60.4%

Question 140

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. using paired MoS analaysis how did a 20% H/D decrease probability of tooth fracture? what about unaltered contralateral canine?

Answer 140

* decreased probability of fracture of altered tooth by 86.5% * increased probability of fracture of unaltered contralateral canine tooth by 54.4%

Question 141

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what is the overall conclusion?

Answer 141

teeth with a lower H/D are more resistant to fracture. given the potential impact of crown reduction of a single canine tooth on the load redistribution to the remaining unaltered canine teeth, further investigation is needed to determine what H/D would be ideal.

Question 142

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what are other factors besides H/D that contribute to fracture resistance of a tooth?

Answer 142

mechanical properties: * modulus of elasticity * hardness * toughness differences in hard tissue volume other unknown factors

Question 143

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what are some limitations of this study?

Answer 143

* small sample population * high biting pulling force used as reference (from military bite dogs) * other factors affecting tooth fracture (dog breed/size, pre-existing wear, habits of dog, work demand, chewing enthusiasm) * estimating hard tissue volume in a structure with non-uniform shape * testing outside warm moist environment * load at 45deg angle is speculative * no compliance of PDL in study (stiffness of potting may have increased stress at base of tooth)

Question 144

“The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs”. Jason W. Soukup, Caitlyn Collins, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg. JVD 2015. what angle was used to fracture teeth and what forces were applied by this load vector?

Answer 144

45deg angle to long axis of tooth compressive and bending stresses within tooth

Question 145

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what are the 3 basic fracture types and which one is most common in canine teeth?

Answer 145

* Vertical * chip * transverse Transverse most common

Question 146

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what are some protective measures in design of canine teeth to prevent fracture?

Answer 146

H/D ratio: increased height protects against vertical fx when exposed to axial loads Small rounded cusp: protects from chip fx when exposed to off-axial loading

Question 147

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. in previous studies, what was one drawback regarding dentin and enamel?

Answer 147

They were considered a homogenous unit disregarding that fractures can stall at dentinoenamel junction and that crack propagation is an important concept of ultimate tooth failure

Question 148

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. previously, what has been noted regarding H/D?

Answer 148

greater loads are required to cause transverse fx with increasing base radius and dental toughness. inverse relationship w height, demonstrating that lower loads are required to fx teeth w longer crowns

Question 149

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what angle is used to simulate biting/pulling behavior?

Answer 149

off-axial loading, 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of crown

Question 150

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what does decreasing the clinical height of a canine tooth do to the rest of the canine teeth?

Answer 150

decreasing height may decrease risk of individual tooth fx but increase risk of fx other canines (increase load)

Question 151

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what type of stresses is a taller canine tooth under? what does increased base radius and dentinal toughness do?

Answer 151

bending stress confer fx resistance when laterally loaded

Question 152

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what is the equation for hard tissue cross-sectional area (CSA)?

Answer 152

D1 base diameter of the crown measured between the mesial and distal axial walls at the CEJ) D2 pulp diameter measured with intraoral radiography at the same location.

Question 153

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what were the 3 groups of different force directions?

Answer 153

45 deg to long axis (all 3) * Group A: distal to mesial * Group B: labial to lingual * Group C: mesial to distal

Question 154

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. was there any significant association between subclass and group of fractureS?

Answer 154

Nope

Question 155

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. was there statistical difference between force load and group A vs B? was there a difference between volume and CSA for these groups?

Answer 155

Univariately, there were significant differences in volume, CSA, and force to fracture, based on force direction group. * the hard tissue volume in group A (distal-mesial) was significantly larger than group B (labial-lingual) and group C (mesial-distal). * CSA was significantly larger in group A compared to group B, and marginally larger than group C. * The force needed to fracture the teeth was significantly greater in group A compared to group B. However, the significant difference in force to fracture was no longer significant when controlling for CSA as a covariate (multivariate analysis).

Question 156

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what is one of the key factors dictating force required to fracture teeth?

Answer 156

amount of dentin

Question 157

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what does a smaller base radius do to fx susceptibility?

Answer 157

increases risk of transverse fx also smaller base radius has lower hard tissue CSA

Question 158

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what happens when load is applied to the base of the tooth?

Answer 158

decreased bending forces and increased resistance to fx

Question 159

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. what is one theory for why canine teeth are less resistant to labial-lingual forces?

Answer 159

canine tooth has evolved in long angled fashion to resist mesial-distal forces.

Question 160

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what was the most common fracture propagation pattern?

Answer 160

in load direction * labial to lingual: oblique labial to lingual 58.3% transverse 41.7% * distal to mesial: oblique distal to mesial 85.7% transverse 14.3% * mesial to distal: oblique mesial to distal 66.7% transverse 25% oblique labial to lingual 8.3%

Question 161

“The influence of force direction on the fracture pattern and fracture resistance of canine teeth in dogs”. Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. what are some limitations of this study?

Answer 161

* small sample size (low power) * small number of teeth * 1 breed, 1 population * teeth stored in formalin prior to testing * teeth not tested in moist/humid environment * 2 groups of teeth had longer drying time * methyl methacrylate not representative of PDL

Question 162

"Evaluation of composite resin materials for maxillomandibular fixation in cats for treatment of jaw fractures and temporomandibular joint luxations". Melissa Hoffer, Sandra Manfra Marretta et al. Vet Surg 2011.

Answer 162

4 groups of 22 feline cadavers, looking at product for MMF and amount of crown surface acid etched. * CR: acid etch whole tooth plus protemp (no bonding) * CR+: acid etch whole tooth plus bonding agent then protemp * FR50: acid etch gingival half of the tooth and use flowable composite resin (no bonding) * FR100: acid etch the whole tooth and use flowable composite (no bonding) Mechanically tested 7 specimens from each group, 15 used for removal testing. Results: * Took way longer to apply flowable composite (probably light curing time) than protemp, and CR+ compared to CR. * Flowable composite had a higher load to failure * FR100 took longer to remove than the others, FR50 longer than CR. Failure data: * Protemp: usually bond failure (7/7 in CR+; 5/7 in CR, 2/7 had crown fracture) * FR50 failed by bond in 5/6, 1/6 had crown fracture * FR100 failed by crown fracture in 7/7 Complications with removal: * Protemp had 0% complication rate in either group * 27% (4/15) complications in FR50 (2/15 crown fractures, 2/15 palate punctures) * 93% (14/15) complications in FR100 (13/15 had 28 crown fractures, 2/15 had lip puncture). Conclusion: They liked the bond strength and minimal removal complication rate of FR50. It had an intermediate removal time.

Question 163

"A retrospective study of 109 dogs with mandibular fractures". A. M. Kitshoff, H. de Rooster, S. M. Ferreira, G. Steenkamp. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013.

Answer 163

Retrospective study to determine patient factors and fracture morphology of dogs presented with mandibular fractures to a small animal referral centre in South Africa. Small breed dogs and dogs less than 8 months of age predominated (93.6%). Etiology: * Dog fight/animal bite 62% * idiopathic 16% * MVA 11% * Pathologic 4% molar region affected in 41.5%. transverse (54%), relatively unstable (90%), and displaced (83%) fractures were the most common. teeth in the fracture line in 74% fractures, with M1 in 40%. open fractures 77%.

Question 164

Simphyseal injury classification

Answer 164

Type 1: Separation with no break in soft tissue Type 2: Separation with break in soft tissue Type 3: Separation with torn oral soft tissues and comminution of the bone, broken teeth

Question 165

"Traumatic Dentoalveolar and Maxillofacial Injuries in Cats: Overview of diagnosis and management". Soukup JW, Snyder CJ. JFMS 2014. How prevalent are TDI’s in HEALTHY patients?

Answer 165

27% of healthy cats and dogs have a TDI

Question 166

"Traumatic Dentoalveolar and Maxillofacial Injuries in Cats: Overview of diagnosis and management". Soukup JW, Snyder CJ. JFMS 2014. How prevalent are TDIs in cases of maxillofacial trauma?

Answer 166

72% of cases have a TDI

Question 167

What is the reported mandibular fracture occurrence at the first molar

Answer 167

41-47%

Question 168

"Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures". Soukup JW, Mulherin BL, Snyder CJ. JSAP 2013.

Answer 168

Retrospective of 43 dogs and cats with maxillofacial trauma. Objectives: (1) report the prevalence and nature of DAI in patients treated for MF fractures. (2) investigate associations between the nature of the MF fractures (mechanism of trauma, region of the MF apparatus fractured) and the nature of concurrent DAI. Etiology: * Altercation with another animal 34.9% * Unknown 23.3% * HBC 16.3% * hit by object 14% More likely to have DAI when HBC or hit by an object (100%) than following altercation with another animal. Region of MF fracture: * lower third (mandible anywhere) 72% * the location of the MF fracture predicted the location but not the nature of the concurrent DAI. 62 DAI in 31/43 (72.1%) patients, a mean of 2 DAI per patient. * RF 30.6% (19/62); mandible 63.2%, maxilla 36.8% * CCF/UCF 29% (18/62); mandible 33.3%, maxilla 66.7% * displacement (subluxation, luxation, intrusion, extrusion) 12.9% (8/62); mandible 87.5%, maxilla 12.5% * permanent tooth bud trauma 11.3% (7/62); mandible 57.1%, maxilla 42.9% * avulsion 8% (5/62); mandible 20%, maxilla 80% * concussion 8% (5/62); mandible 80%, maxilla 20% mandibular teeth 34/62 (54.8%), maxillary teeth 28/62 (45.2%).

Question 169

"Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion With Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog". Christopher J. Snyder, Jason A. Bleedorn, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2016.

Answer 169

Case report describing a methodology for treating defect non-union following mandibular fracture and failed repair attempt with intraosseous wires. Used 2 miniplates, 2mm locking, cortical strut and an autograft of corticocancellous bone from the ulna – this gives a degree of structural stability not seen with other repairs. Relies on the process of ‘creeping substitution’ whereby the graft is remodeled and replaced with host bone over time. Recommend using only on small to medium defects, as larger defects may not heal as reliably. Implant usually not removed, but removed per owner request (owner of attacking dog was paying, so they wanted to remove possibility of future complications they would have to pay for), and done gradually to increase load sharing between segments

Question 170

"Mandibular fractures in the cat a retrospective study". Umphlet RC, Johnson A. Vet Surg 1988.

Answer 170

Retrospective: 75 mandibular fractures in 62 cats. * Mandibular fractures comprised 14.5% of all fractures in 517 cats [NB – does not say how fractures were diagnosed, or imaged]. * Etiology: HBC 53%, fight or fall 30% * Most common injuries: symphyseal fracture 73%, body of the mandible 16, condyle 6.7%, coronoid 4% * Most cats had a single fracture 79%

Question 171

"Mandibular fractures in the dog: a retrospective study of 157 cases". Randall C. Umphlet, Ann L. Johnson. Vet Surg 1990.

Answer 171

Retrospective: 157 mandibular fractures in 105 dogs. * 2.7% of all fractures admitted to the hospital were mandibular fractures * More common in males under 1 year of age * Etiology: HBC 52%, dog fight 20%, unknown 12%, Iatrogenic during extraction 10% * Fractures in the premolar region were significantly more frequent than fractures in other regions, 72% were open * Most common fixation was tape muzzling * 34% developed complications, malocclusion most common, then osteomyelitis * Acceptable cosmetic and functional results were achieved in 85%

Question 172

Symphyseal injury classification

Answer 172

Type 1: Separation with no break in soft tissue Type 2: Separation with break in soft tissue Type 3: Separation with break in soft tissues and bone or tooth fracture

Question 173

"The Influence of Force Direction on the Fracture Pattern and Fracture Resistance of Canine Teeth in Dogs". Stephanie Goldschmidt, Catherine Zimmerman, Caitlyn Collins, Scott Hetzel, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg, Jason W. Soukup. JVD 2017. What was found to be significantly associated with the force direction? What was not associated?

Answer 173

fracture patterns significantly associated with force direction. the maximum force, catastrophic fractures, root involvement or fracture of the distal ridge were not.

Question 174

according to Tsung-Han Tu, Hetzel & Soukup. FVETS 2025. when analyzing mandibular angle fractures in cats, were there associations between dependent variables (fracture type, dorsal fracture location/fracture origin, ventral fracture location/fracture termination, mandibular foramen involvement, and displacement score) and independent variables (age, sex, and etiology)?

Answer 174

No significant associations were found between dependent variables (fracture type, dorsal fracture location/fracture origin, ventral fracture location/fracture termination, mandibular foramen involvement, and displacement score) and independent variables (age, sex, and etiology). ## Footnote *"Characterization of feline mandibular angle fractures utilizing in silico model construction and fracture mapping". Tsung-Han Tu, Scott J. Hetzel, Jason W. Soukup. FVETS 2025.*

Question 175

according to Tsung-Han Tu, Hetzel & Soukup. FVETS 2025. using 3D in silico models derived from CT images, what was found regarding fracture patterns of the mandibular angle in cats for simple, comminuted, and bilateral fractures?

Answer 175

When all fracture lines were put together, two distinct areas were affected the most: * fracture originates at the junction of the mandibular body and ramus along the dorsal mandibular border; courses caudoventrally **through the mandibular foramen**; terminates at the **ventral mandibular border, rostral to the angular process**. * fracture originates at the junction of the mandibular body and ramus along the dorsal mandibular border; courses caudoventrally **above the mandibular foramen**; terminates **dorsal to the angular process, ventral to the condylar neck**. The majority of simple fractures originate from the area where the mandibular body meets the ramus and follow a ‘sigmoid’ fracture pattern through the masseteric fossa, mandibular foramen, and the sulcus of the mandibular artery. Fractures terminated rostral to, at, or dorsal to the angular process. The distribution of comminuted fractures is more chaotic. * The region immediately ventral to the condylar neck is more commonly affected. * The fractures still tend to follow a path through the mandibular foramen (although fewer course through the sulcus of the mandibular artery). * The affected region is wider than in simple fractures. Bilateral fractures * originate at the junction of the mandibular body and the ramus * the fractures on one mandible possess a sigmoid fracture pattern through the mandibular foramen or the sulcus of the mandibular artery * the fractures at the contralateral mandible propagate horizontally and caudally to either dorsal to or ventral to (or both) the condylar neck ## Footnote *"Characterization of feline mandibular angle fractures utilizing in silico model construction and fracture mapping". Tsung-Han Tu, Scott J. Hetzel, Jason W. Soukup. FVETS 2025.*

Question 176

according to Tsung-Han Tu, Hetzel & Soukup. FVETS 2025. how many of the mandibular angle fractures in cats were comminuted? number of fragments?

Answer 176

45.45% (10/22) comminuted fractures. 70% (7/10) comminuted fractures had >3 fragments. ## Footnote *"Characterization of feline mandibular angle fractures utilizing in silico model construction and fracture mapping". Tsung-Han Tu, Scott J. Hetzel, Jason W. Soukup. FVETS 2025.*

Question 177

Tsung-Han Tu, Hetzel & Soukup. FVETS 2025. what was found regarding the displacement of mandibular angle fractures in cats?

Answer 177

displacement score: (1) no displacement (2) minimal fracture displacement with more than 50% overlap remaining between fragments (3) severe fracture displacement with less than 50% overlap remaining between fragments. A displacement score of 3 in 86.4% (19/22) of fractures. suggests that feline angle fractures would benefit from ORIF to achieve proper bone healing and prevent malunion and potential TMJ extra-articular ankylosis. ## Footnote *"Characterization of feline mandibular angle fractures utilizing in silico model construction and fracture mapping". Tsung-Han Tu, Scott J. Hetzel, Jason W. Soukup. FVETS 2025.*

Question 178

according to Ana C. Castejón-González et al. FVETS 2025. what was the mean number of mandibular fractures per cat?

Answer 178

1.6 ± 0.7 mandibular fractures per cat ## Footnote *"Etiology and patterns of mandibular fractures in cats". Ana C. Castejón-González, Darko Stefanovski, Alexander M. Reiter. FVETS 2025.*

Question 179

according to Ana C. Castejón-González et al. FVETS 2025. what was the etiology of mandibular fractures in cats?

Answer 179

* animal altercations (bite injuries) (42.1% cats; 40.3% fractures) * unknown cause (29.9% cats; 29% fractures) * hit-by-car (HBC) (15.8% cats; 14.5% fractures) * falling from a height (HRS) (12.5% cats; 14.5% fractures) * ballistic injury (3.1% cats; 1.6% fractures) ## Footnote *"Etiology and patterns of mandibular fractures in cats". Ana C. Castejón-González, Darko Stefanovski, Alexander M. Reiter. FVETS 2025.*

Question 180

according to Ana C. Castejón-González et al. FVETS 2025. what was the distribution of the mandibular fractures in cats (body, ramus, condyle)?

Answer 180

Fracture location: * 32/62 (51.6%) in the mandibular ramus * 21/62 (33.9%) in the condylar process * 9/62 (14.5%) in the mandibular body ## Footnote *"Etiology and patterns of mandibular fractures in cats". Ana C. Castejón-González, Darko Stefanovski, Alexander M. Reiter. FVETS 2025.*

Question 181

according to Ana C. Castejón-González et al. FVETS 2025. how many cats had bilateral mandibular fractures? how many were symmetric (in the same area - body, ramus, condyle)? how did bilateral fractures compare regarding fracture patterns? what parameter was associated with bilateral fractures?

Answer 181

50% (19/38) of the cats had bilateral fractures. 42.1% (8/19) of bilateral fractures were symmetric. * Smaller cats significantly associated with bilateral fractures. * Bilateral and symmetric fractures occur more frequently due to animal altercations. Bilateral symmetric ramus fractures (n= 6) always exhibited a different pattern in the right and left mandibles: * pattern A or B in one mandible * the opposite mandible showed greater pattern variability, with pattern B to E. ## Footnote *"Etiology and patterns of mandibular fractures in cats". Ana C. Castejón-González, Darko Stefanovski, Alexander M. Reiter. FVETS 2025.*

Question 182

according to Ana C. Castejón-González et l. FVETS 2025. what was the displacement and fragmentation of mandibular fractures in cats?

Answer 182

displacement: (1) no displacement (2) minimal displacement (more than 50% overlap between fragments) (3) severe displacement (less than 50% overlap between fragments) 54.84% (34/62) fractures were severely displaced (score 3). fragmentation: (1) incomplete (2) simple (3) comminuted 80.64% (50/62) fractures had fragmentation scores of 2 or 3. ## Footnote *"Etiology and patterns of mandibular fractures in cats". Ana C. Castejón-González, Darko Stefanovski, Alexander M. Reiter. FVETS 2025.*

Question 183

according to Ana C. Castejón-González et l. FVETS 2025. what was significantly associated with the mandibular fracture pattern in cats?

Answer 183

Fracture etiology was significantly associated with the pattern type. Animal altercations were 9.3 times more likely to cause a pattern A fracture than an unknown cause. ## Footnote *"Etiology and patterns of mandibular fractures in cats". Ana C. Castejón-González, Darko Stefanovski, Alexander M. Reiter. FVETS 2025.*

Question 184

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. what was the fracture etiology in cats with mandibular fractures?

Answer 184

* unknown (63/109, 57.8%) * animal altercation (32/109, 29.3%) * HBC (9/109, 8.2%) * HRS (3/109, 2.7%) * iatrogenic (1/109, 0.9%) * mandible becoming stuck in a collar (1/109, 0.9%) ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis, Anna Vincek, Stephanie Goldschmidt, Maria Soltero-Rivera, Mindy A. Nguyen, Boaz Arzi. FVETS 2025.*

Question 185

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. what was the prevalence of fractures in the different regions of the mandible?

Answer 185

* symphyseal separation (55%) * condylar process (49.5%) TMJ articular surface involved in 42.2% cats, not involved in 7.3% cats * mid ramus (48.6%) * incisive region (35.8%) * coronoid process (33%) * molar region (17.4%) * premolar region (15.6%) * canine region (14.8%) * angular process (8.2%) No significant correlation between rostral mandibular injuries and condylar fractures (contrary to previous studies of maxillofacial trauma in dogs). ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis, Anna Vincek, Stephanie Goldschmidt, Maria Soltero-Rivera, Mindy A. Nguyen, Boaz Arzi. FVETS 2025.*

Question 186

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. what percentage of cats with mandibular fractures had more than one region injured? what was the mean number of regions of the mandible fractured per cat?

Answer 186

91.7% (100/109) cats 3 fractured regions per cat *Castejón-González et al. (FVETS 2025): 1.6 fractured regions per cat* ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025.*

Question 187

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. how many cats with mandibular fractures had bilateral fractures?

Answer 187

38.5% (42/109) cats. *Castejón-González et al (FVETS 2025): 50% (19/38) cats.* ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025.*

Question 188

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. what concomitant trauma was sustained in cats with mandibular fractures?

Answer 188

* dentoalveolar trauma 68.8% (75/109) * maxillary trauma 64.2% (70/109) * ocular trauma 36.7% (40/109) * lingual trauma 21.1% (23/109) * traumatic brain injury 6.4% (7/109) ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis, Anna Vincek, Stephanie Goldschmidt, Maria Soltero-Rivera, Mindy A. Nguyen, Boaz Arzi. FVETS 2025.*

Question 189

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. what were the complications seen in cats with mandibular fractures?

Answer 189

* **persistent malocclusion 36.7%** (40/109) * **broken splint/MMF 7.3%** (8/109) * malunion affecting occlusion and function 5.5% (6/109) * maxillary lip entrapment 4.6% (5/109) * dehiscence 2.8% (3/109) * infection at site of injury 1.8% (2/109) * severe lingual injury from the initial trauma resulting in inability to eat independently 1.8% (2/109) * infection at the esophageal feeding tube site 0.9% (1/109) * subjectively decreased TMJ range of motion 0.9% (1/109) * odontodysplasia of a permanent successor tooth 0.9% (1/109) * severe airway swelling requiring use of temporary tracheostomy 0.9% (1/109) * No cases of damage to tooth roots during implant placement * **No cases of TMJ ankylosis** lower prevalence of persistent malocclusion following ORIF (9.1%) compared to MMF (53.9%) Roughly 1/3 (36.7%) of cats developed a persistent malocclusion following mandibular fracture, about 1/2 (52.9%) required some additional intervention to treat the consequences of the malocclusion. ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis, Anna Vincek, Stephanie Goldschmidt, Maria Soltero-Rivera, Mindy A. Nguyen, Boaz Arzi. FVETS 2025.*

Question 190

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. what factor was associated with poor healing of mandibular fractures in the mid ramus and coronoid regions in cats?

Answer 190

appropriate healing was determined based on follow-up CT or radiographs * in 41 (93.2%) cats treated with circummandibular cerclage wire * in 6 (85.7%) cas treated with ORIF * in 9 (75%) cats treated with interdental wire and composite splint * in 3 (37.5%) cats treated with EMMF * in 4 (26.7%) cats treated with RMMF ORIF had a significantly higher rate of adequate healing (85.7%) compared to MMF (30.4%). More **severe pre-operative fracture displacement** was associated with a poor healing outcome in the mid ramus and coronoid process regions. No significant correlation between healing outcomes and pre-operative fragmentation for any region. ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis, Anna Vincek, Stephanie Goldschmidt, Maria Soltero-Rivera, Mindy A. Nguyen, Boaz Arzi. FVETS 2025.*

Question 191

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. in cats with mandibular fractures, what was the correlation between preop fracture displacement and healing? degree of fragmentation and healing?

Answer 191

More severe pre-operative fracture displacement was associated with a poor healing outcome in the mid ramus and coronoid process regions. No significant correlations for healing outcomes and pre-operative fragmentation for any regions of the mandible. ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025.*

Question 192

Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025. What impact did feeding tube have on weight gained or lost post-operatively in cats treated for mandibular fractures?

Answer 192

No impact ## Footnote *"Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats". Janny V. Evenhuis et al. FVETS 2025.*

Question 193

"Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats". Rebekah Knight, Richard L Meeson. JFMS 2019. what was the signalment of cats with skull fractures?

Answer 193

* 71% (53/75) male 29% (22/75) female * mean age 4.8 years

Question 194

"Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats". Rebekah Knight, Richard L Meeson. JFMS 2019. what was the etiology?

Answer 194

* HBC 89% (67/75) * bites 7% (5/75) * falls 3% (2/75) * gun-shot injuries 1% (1/75)

Question 195

"Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats". Rebekah Knight, Richard L Meeson. JFMS 2019. what were the fractured bones? unilateral/bilateral?

Answer 195

* craniofacial (frontal, orbital, temporal, zygomatic) 76% (67% bilateral) * external upper jaw (maxilla, incisive, nasal) 73% (64% bilateral) * mandible (body and ramus) 72% (20% bilateral) * mandibular symphysis 71% * internal upper jaw (palatine and pterygoid bones, hard and soft palate injuries) 71% (45% bilateral) hard palate defects 45% (34/75) soft palate defect 1% (1/75) * TMJ 56% (42/75) (19% bilateral) luxation 13% (10/75); (24%, 10/42 TMJ injuries) fracture 32% (24/75); (64%, 27/42 TMJ injuries) luxation and fracture 7% (5/75); (12%, 5/42 TMJ injuries) * caudal skull (calvarium, parietal, occipital, presphenoid, basisphenoid) 9%

Question 196

"Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats". Rebekah Knight, Richard L Meeson. JFMS 2019. how many had multiple bones vs a single bone fractured? what etiologies were associated with multiple fractures?

Answer 196

* 89% (67/75) multiple bones (HBC, bites) * 11% (8/75) a single bone

Question 197

"Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats". Rebekah Knight, Richard L Meeson. JFMS 2019. how many suffered from concurrent injuries? what were the concurrent injuries?

Answer 197

Concurrent injuries 76% (57/75) * ophthalmological 40% (30/75) * neurological 29% (22/75) * intrathoracic 29% (22/75) * dental trauma 21% (16/75) * soft tissue 16% (12/75) * orthopedic 12% (9/75) HBC associated with high levels of concurrent injuries. Equal numbers of cats were managed conservatively or surgically (47%) for their concurrent injuries.

Question 198

"Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats". Rebekah Knight, Richard L Meeson. JFMS 2019. what was the mortality? factors significantly associated with mortality?

Answer 198

mortality rate 8% (6/75) No risk factors were identified for mortality.

Question 199

"Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats". Rebekah Knight, Richard L Meeson. JFMS 2019. what were the complications? factors significantly associated with complications?

Answer 199

complications in 22% * implant loosening or failure 8% (6/75) * mild non-clinical malocclusion 5% (4/75) * anesthetic complications 5% (4/75) * carotid artery laceration during oesophagostomy tube placement 1% (1/75) * postoperative vomiting requiring BEARD removal to reduce risk of aspiration 1% (1/75) Risk factors for development of complications: * Increasing age at presentation * presence of internal upper jaw fractures

Question 200

"Healing of mandibular body fractures with wire-reinforced interdental bis-acryl composite splints". Ana C Castejón González, Lisa A Mestrinho, Alexander M Reiter. JFMS 2025. what was the etiology of mandibular body fractues in cats treated with WRICS?

Answer 200

* fall from a height 50% (6/12) * unknown 25% (3/12) * animal altercation 8.3% (1/12) * vehicular accident 8.3% (1/12) * jumping from the couch 8.3% (1/12)

Question 201

"Healing of mandibular body fractures with wire-reinforced interdental bis-acryl composite splints". Ana C Castejón González, Lisa A Mestrinho, Alexander M Reiter. JFMS 2025. what were the fracture locations in cats with mandibular body fractures treated with WRICS?

Answer 201

* between the canine tooth and P3 (8/13, 61.5%) * between P3 and P4 (2/13, 15.4%) * between P4 and M1 (2/13, 15.4%) * between the canine and P4 extending ventral to P3 (1/13, 7.7%) 11/13 (84.6%) simple (one fracture line) 9/13 (69.2%) unfavourable (fracture line runs from the alveolar margin to the ventral aspect of the mandible in a rostrocaudal orientation) additional symphyseal separation in 3/12 (25%)

Question 202

"Healing of mandibular body fractures with wire-reinforced interdental bis-acryl composite splints". Ana C Castejón González, Lisa A Mestrinho, Alexander M Reiter. JFMS 2025. what was the mean healing time of mandibular body fractures in cats treated with WRICS?

Answer 202

mean healing time 49.8 days. * Bony callus and stability of the fracture were present in all cases at the time of splint removal. * The bone fracture line was still visible in total or partially on dental radiographs in 7/12 (53.8%) cases.

Question 203

"Healing of mandibular body fractures with wire-reinforced interdental bis-acryl composite splints". Ana C Castejón González, Lisa A Mestrinho, Alexander M Reiter. JFMS 2025. what was the effect of treating teeth in the fracture line on healing time in cats with mandibular fractures treated with WRICS?

Answer 203

No healing complications in cases with or without dental treatment. In dogs, when teeth in the fracture line required treatment healing was longer (2.3 vs 1.4 months without)

Question 204

according to Gerad Cantin & Jane Pegg. JVD 2025. 4 dogs sustained trauma when climbing stairs with a foreign object in the mouth. What was the common pattern of the trauma?

Answer 204

* a mandibular canine tooth was implicated in all injuries, with fracture through or near the alveolus being a prominent feature. * The only region affected uniformly in all 4 dogs was the rostral mandibular incisive and canine tooth areas. * In the instances where the ventral mandible remained intact (2/4 cases) dentoalveolar injury was present in the form of alveolar bone fracture and a laterally luxated canine tooth. * No tooth fractures occurred in any of the dogs. ## Footnote *"Rostral Mandibular Fracture and Dentoalveolar Trauma Secondary to Climbing Stairs With a Foreign Object in the Mouth in Four Dogs". Gerad Cantin, Jane Pegg. JVD 2025.*

Question 205

according to Gerad Cantin & Jane Pegg. JVD 2025. What is the time frame for repositioning luxated teeth? what is the ideal timing for RCT/extraction of luxated teeth?

Answer 205

Ideal timing for repositioning luxated teeth is within 30 min. * The authors replace teeth that have been maintained in the oral cavity for up to a day. * late reduction and stabilization of a luxated tooth has a higher risk of long-term complications such as root ankylosis or inflammatory root resorption. ideal timing for RCT following avulsion * in permanent teeth with a closed apex in humans, 7-10 days following repositioning and fixation * A veterinary clinical review in cats has stated that RCT can also be performed at the time the splint is placed or at the time of splint removal. * The authors prefer to perform RCT at the time of initial surgery and splint placement * in young dogs with immature teeth RCT can be delayed with the hope that the tooth may re-establish blood supply following stabilization. *according to Verstraete: if we do immediate RCT we damage PDL and increase risk of ankylosis. Recommended 7-14 days after tooth replacement, to minimize trauma to the PDL, do RCT before removing the splint.* ## Footnote *"Rostral Mandibular Fracture and Dentoalveolar Trauma Secondary to Climbing Stairs With a Foreign Object in the Mouth in Four Dogs". Gerad Cantin, Jane Pegg. JVD 2025.*

Question 206

"Characterization of feline mandibular angle fractures utilizing in silico model construction and fracture mapping". Tsung-Han Tu, Scott J. Hetzel, Jason W. Soukup. FVETS 2025. Was fracture pattern associated with signalment or cause of the fracture?

Answer 206

No.

Question 207

Classification and Epidemiology of Traumatic Dentoalveolar Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 959 Injuries in 660 Patient Visits (2004-2012) Jason W. Soukup, DVM; Scott Hetzel, MS; Annie Paul What was the most likely age range for an enamel-dentin-pulp fracture to occur?

Answer 207

3-6 years

Question 208

Classification and Epidemiology of Traumatic Dentoalveolar Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 959 Injuries in 660 Patient Visits (2004-2012) Jason W. Soukup, DVM; Scott Hetzel, MS; Annie Paul What was the frequency of enamel-dentine-pulp fractures? And total tooth fractures with exposed pulp?

Answer 208

enamel-dentine-pulp fractures: 49.6% Total pulp exposed fractures (49.6+10.8) =60.4

Question 209

Classification and Epidemiology of Traumatic Dentoalveolar Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 959 Injuries in 660 Patient Visits (2004-2012) Jason W. Soukup, DVM; Scott Hetzel, MS; Annie Paul What was the frequency of diagnosed concussive injuries to teeth?

Answer 209

14.4%

Question 210

Charles Lothamer et al. FVETS 2015. how many of mandibular fractures in dogs occur in the molar region?

Answer 210

Mandibular fractures tend to occur in the molar region of 41.5–47.1% of cases. Forces may concentrate in the area of M1 due to decreased mandibular bone height over the distal root and buccal cortical bone thinning over the mesial root. ## Footnote *"Crown preservation of the mandibular first molar tooth impacts the strength and stiffness of three non-invasive jaw fracture repair constructs in dogs". Charles Lothamer, Christopher John Snyder, Sarah Duenwald-Kuehl, John Kloke, Ronald P. McCabe, Ray Vanderby Jr. FVETS 2015.*

Question 211

Charles Lothamer et al. FVETS 2015. what is the reason to maintain tooth roots involved in the fracture line?

Answer 211

If a fracture line involves the tooth root, maintaining that structure presumably contributes to stabilization of the fracture and improves healing. By maintaining the tooth in the fracture line, stability of the fracture is improved and the correct alignment and occlusion are maintained. ## Footnote *"Crown preservation of the mandibular first molar tooth impacts the strength and stiffness of three non-invasive jaw fracture repair constructs in dogs". Charles Lothamer, Christopher John Snyder, Sarah Duenwald-Kuehl, John Kloke, Ronald P. McCabe, Ray Vanderby Jr. FVETS 2015.*

Question 212

Charles Lothamer et al. FVETS 2015. which repair method was superior in strength and stiffness? (stout loop and composite, composite only, composite and transmucosal screw). what was the effect of removing the M1 crown?

Answer 212

Regardless of crown presence, Stout loop was suprior to both other constructs (greatest bending stiffness and load to failure). with the crown removed * Stout loop was significantly stronger compared to other treatments * increased ultimate strength but decreased stiffness for Stout loop. Under this condition, the wire’s contribution to construct strength is greater than the absence of the tooth crown decreasing construct stiffness. when the tooth crown was preserved * significant increase in stiffness for Stout loop and transmucosal screw fixation * all fixation constructs were stiffer ## Footnote *"Crown preservation of the mandibular first molar tooth impacts the strength and stiffness of three non-invasive jaw fracture repair constructs in dogs". Charles Lothamer, Christopher John Snyder, Sarah Duenwald-Kuehl, John Kloke, Ronald P. McCabe, Ray Vanderby Jr. FVETS 2015.*

Question 213

Joanna Pakula et al. FVETS 2025. what were the mandibular fracture locations in cats treated with wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints (WRICS)?

Answer 213

* 73% between the canine tooth and P3 * 27% between P3 and P4 Concurrent symphyseal separation in 33% (5/15) ## Footnote *"Clinical outcomes of mandibular body fracture management using wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints in 15 cats". Joanna Pakula, Alix Freeman, Andrew Perry. FVETS 2025.*

Question 214

Joanna Pakula et al. FVETS 2025. what was the median healing time in cats with mandibular body fractures following treatment with wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints (WRICS)? what factors influenced healing time? what were the autors' recommendations regarding treatment duration?

Answer 214

* median healing time of 8 weeks. * Time to bone healing was quicker in heavier cats and those with a delayed presentation. * Based on the author’s experience and the results of this study, the optimal duration for WRICS application is suggested to be between 8-10 weeks. ## Footnote *"Clinical outcomes of mandibular body fracture management using wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints in 15 cats". Joanna Pakula, Alix Freeman, Andrew Perry. FVETS 2025.*

Question 215

Joanna Pakula et al. FVETS 2025. what was the complication rate in cats with mandibular body fractures following treatment with wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints (WRICS)? what were the complications encountered?

Answer 215

20% (3/15) major complications: * lingual ulceration due to sharp fragments of the WRICS within the first 7 days of treatment (13%, 2/15) * MMF failure 2 weeks post-operatively with WRICS intact (7%, 1/15) 27% (4/15) minor complications: * mild ptyalism possibly related to IV opioid administration (7%, 1/15) * pyrexia (7%, 1/15) * mild oral mucosal indentation from a mandibular canine tooth (7%, 1/15) * signs of pain (7%, 1/15) ## Footnote *"Clinical outcomes of mandibular body fracture management using wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints in 15 cats". Joanna Pakula, Alix Freeman, Andrew Perry. FVETS 2025.*

Question 216

Joanna Pakula et al. FVETS 2025. in how many cats with mandibular body fractures treated with wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints (WRICS) was normocclusion acheived?

Answer 216

* Normocclusion in 93% (14/15) cases. * Traumatic contact between the maxillary P4 and mandibular M1 with inability to fully close the mouth in 7% (1/15) cases. A single tooth extraction allowed normal mouth closure. ## Footnote *"Clinical outcomes of mandibular body fracture management using wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints in 15 cats". Joanna Pakula, Alix Freeman, Andrew Perry. FVETS 2025.*

Question 217

Joanna Pakula et al. FVETS 2025. how many cats treated for mandibular body fractures with wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints (WRICS) underwent extractions during WRICS removal?

Answer 217

47% (7/15) cats underwent extractions during WRICS removal due to periodontal disease or tooth resorption. ## Footnote *"Clinical outcomes of mandibular body fracture management using wire-reinforced intraoral composite splints in 15 cats". Joanna Pakula, Alix Freeman, Andrew Perry. FVETS 2025.*

Question 218

Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs Ellen Scherer, DVM1 , Scott Hetzel, MS2 , and Christopher J. Snyder, DVM, DAVDC How was the periodontal ligament most commonly involved in fractures?

Answer 218

For both mesial and distal roots, classification A was most common. = Fracture propagation courses along the periodontal ligament space and communicates between the oral cavity and apex. Mesial root = 80% of fractures Distal root = 62.5% fractures

Question 219

Assessment of the Role of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs Ellen Scherer, DVM1 , Scott Hetzel, MS2 , and Christopher J. Snyder, DVM, DAVDC What was the most common direction of the fracture (in a mesiodistal orientation)?

Answer 219

Caudoventral in 51.7% of cases (ie, running between rostrodorsal and caudoventral) Straight down (Dorsoventral transverse) in 24.1% Caudodorsal in 24.1%

Question 220

"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs— Part I Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology". Frontiers 2020. De Paolo et al. What were the three most likely regions to have severe fragmentation?

Answer 220

* Maxillary bone * Conchae * Zygomatic bone

Question 221

"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs—Part II: Association Between Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology". Mercedes H. De Paolo, Boaz Arzi, Rachel E. Pollard, Philip H. Kass, Frank J. M. Verstraete. FVETS 2020. What were the significant bones or regions fractured concurrently with the various regions of the mandible

Answer 221

Mandibular fractures: Basically the bit next to a fracture is more likely to be fractured as well (For the premolar and molar part, this only occurs in one direction = Molar part more likely to fracture mid ramus, premolar more likely to fracture canine part) Symphyseal separation often occurred with cribriform plate fractures (weird exception to location rule)

Question 222

How frequently did dental abnormalities affect the developing permanent teeth that were located in or near the fracture line? What were the four most common abnormalities noted?

Answer 222

Permanent teeth in or near the fracture line affected had dental abnormalities 73.5% Failure of eruption or partial eruption (29.0%), resorption (22.6%), abnormal shape (19.4%), and enamel hypoplasia (16.1%)

Question 223

Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures Ana C. CastejonGonzalez1 and Alexander M. Reiter JVD 2022 How many of the dogs required a surgial procedure to treat the dental abnormalities after fracture healing?

Answer 223

Ten out of 11 dogs needed a surgical procedure to treat dental abnormalities after mandibular fracture healing.

Question 224

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes Elias Wolfs1 Boaz Arzi2 , Jose Guerrero Cota1 , Philip H. Kass3 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2* Frontiers 2022 What was the most common cause of trauma? How frequent were concomitant injuries?

Answer 224

Animal bites (71.0%) concomitant injuries in 32% of the cases

Question 225

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes Elias Wolfs1 Boaz Arzi2 , Jose Guerrero Cota1 , Philip H. Kass3 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2* Frontiers 2022 Which fracture region was significantly associated with intra-articular fractures of the TMJ?

Answer 225

Rostral mandibular trauma was associated with intra-articular fractures of the temporomandibular joint (p = 0.016).

Question 226

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes Elias Wolfs1 Boaz Arzi2 , Jose Guerrero Cota1 , Philip H. Kass3 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2* Frontiers 2022 How frequent were healing complications? Which complication was most frequent and at what rate? What factor was associated with malocclusions?

Answer 226

Healing complications were recorded in 71.6% of the dogs, with malocclusion being the most reported complication (55.2%), and significantly associated with dentate mandibular jaw fractures (p = 0.05).

Question 227

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes Elias Wolfs1 Boaz Arzi2 , Jose Guerrero Cota1 , Philip H. Kass3 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2* Frontiers 2022 What category was significantly associated with negative healing outcome?

Answer 227

There was a positive correlation between the severity of fracture fragmentation and displacement and a negative healing outcome

Question 228

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes Elias Wolfs1 Boaz Arzi2 , Jose Guerrero Cota1 , Philip H. Kass3 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2* Frontiers 2022 How often was further treatment required?

Answer 228

Further treatment was required in 55.6% of the dogs.

Question 229

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes Elias Wolfs1 Boaz Arzi2 , Jose Guerrero Cota1 , Philip H. Kass3 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2* Frontiers 2022 and Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs—Part I: Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology De Paolo When looking at Fracture incidence by location patterns between mature and immature dogs, were any regions particularly different between the two? (by subjective glance)

Answer 229

Nothing radically different. Premolar part of the mandible 30.8% in immature vs 41.2% in adult dogs Ramus of the mandible 32.9% in immature vs 21.2% in adult dogs Everything else was <10% difference between the numbers.

Question 230

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs–etiology, treatments, and outcomes Elias Wolfs1 Boaz Arzi2 , Jose Guerrero Cota1 , Philip H. Kass3 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2* Frontiers 2022 What was the effect of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation on the outcomes and malocclusion risk? How frequently was Open Reduction and Internal Fixation used?

Answer 230

Treatment modality was not significantly associated with outcome or malocclusion risk Treatment Modalities (non-exclusive)  Muzzle therapy: 53.2%  Soft tissue closure: 47.9%  Dental extractions: 27.6%  Bone debridement or splinting: 20.2% each  ORIF: 6.3%  Salvage procedures: 11.7%

Question 231

"The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma". Yoav Bar-Am et al. Vet Surg 2008. for what anatomic features were skull radiographs better than CT? what 2 injuries were more commonly diagnosed on skull radiographs than CT? what 3 injuries were equally diagnosed by skull radiographs and CT?

Answer 231

Scores for CT were lower than radiographs for evaluating dental occlusion and the integrity of the mandibular body. 2 maxillofacial injuries were more commonly diagnosed on skull radiographs than on CT: * fracture of the body of the mandible * fracture of the mandibular ramus 3 maxillofacial injuries were equally diagnosed by the 2 imaging modalities: * symphyseal separation * TMJ luxation * fracture of the incisive bone CT is superior to skull radiographs for identification of anatomic structures and traumatic injuries in dogs and cats.

Question 232

"The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma". Yoav Bar-Am et al. Vet Surg 2008. what was the association between symphyseal separation and retroarticular fractures?

Answer 232

* 5 animals had a symphyseal separation without a retroarticular fracture * 2 animals had a symphyseal separation with a retroarticular fracture * no animal had a retroarticular fracture without a symphyseal separation

Question 233

"The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma". Yoav Bar-Am et al. Vet Surg 2008. the average number of maxillofacial trauma injuries per animal by radiographs and CT-scan in a dog/cat?

Answer 233

in dogs * 4.8 by skulll radiographs * 7.6 by CT in cats * 3.8 by skull radiographs * 7.7 by CT

Question 234

"Prevalence and etiology of dentoalveolar trauma in 1,592 United States military working dogs: A 1-year retrospective study". Karin R. Bilyard, Sara B. Mullaney, Travis J. Henry. FVETS 2022. what were the TDI in military working dogs (MWD)? in what teeth? what was the etiology? what age groups were at more risk for complicated fractures? uncomplicated fractures?

Answer 234

only looked at tooth fractures: * maxillary tooth fractures 60.9% mandibular tooth fractures 39.1% * complicated fractures 59.9% uncomplicated fractures 40.1% * incisors 54.8% canine teeth 32% premolars 9% molars 4% age and risk of fracture: * over 72 months had the highest risk of complicated fractures at 46% * 24-48 months of age had the highest probability of uncomplicated fractures at 37.8% etiology of complicated fractures: * unknown and an incidental finding in 69.2% * housing 18.2% * bite work 6.2% * blunt force trauma 6%

Question 235

"Prevalence and etiology of dentoalveolar trauma in 1,592 United States military working dogs: A 1-year retrospective study". Karin R. Bilyard, Sara B. Mullaney, Travis J. Henry. FVETS 2022. prevalence of TDI in military working dogs (MWD)? number of TDI per MWD?

Answer 235

* prevalence of TDI 43.6% * mean # of TDI per MWD 1.2 Specialized Search Dogs (SSDs) had the highest average of TDI.

Question 236

Prevalence and etiology of dentoalveolar trauma in 1,592 United States military working dogs: A 1-year retrospective study Karin R. Bilyard1*, Sara B. Mullaney2 and Travis J. Henry1 Frontiers 2023 What was the prevelence of traumatic dental injuries in millitary working dogs overall? What proportion of those were enamel-dentin-pulp fractures (CCF)? Which use of dog had the highest incidence of dental injury?

Answer 236

TDI: 43.6% Enamel-dentin-pulp fractures which accounted for 59.9% of all injuries Specialized Search Dogs (SSDs) had the highest average of enamel-dentin and enamel-dentin-pulp tooth trauma.

Question 237

Prevalence and etiology of dentoalveolar trauma in 1,592 United States military working dogs: A 1-year retrospective study Karin R. Bilyard1*, Sara B. Mullaney2 and Travis J. Henry1 Frontiers 2023 Which tooth type was most likely to be injured? Maxilla or mandible more common? Left or right? What were significant predictors of tooth trauma requiring treatment?

Answer 237

Tooth Involvement: o Incisors: 54.8% o Canines: 32.0% o Premolars: 9.0% o Molars: 4.3% Jaw Location: o Maxilla more affected (60.9%) o Right maxillary quadrant most frequently injured (33.5%) Tooth type (incisors and canines) and age (>72m) were significant positive predictors of severe tooth trauma requiring treatment

Question 238

Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases Jennifer L. Kelley*, Naomi K. Hoyer, Sangeeta Rao and Jennifer E. Rawlinson Frontiers 2023 What Etiology was significantly associated with euthinasia?

Answer 238

Vehicular trauma and animal altercations: Significantly associated with euthanasia (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.04 respectively)

Question 239

Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases Jennifer L. Kelley*, Naomi K. Hoyer, Sangeeta Rao and Jennifer E. Rawlinson Frontiers 2023 What were negative prognositc indicators for survival to discharge?

Answer 239

Intact male Vehicular and animal altercations Lower MGCS (coma) cumulative scores, Higher ATT (acute trauma) scores Presence of altered mentation Were negative prognositc indicators

Question 240

Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases Jennifer L. Kelley*, Naomi K. Hoyer, Sangeeta Rao and Jennifer E. Rawlinson Frontiers 2023 What were positive prognostic indicators to survival?

Answer 240

Survival to CT imaging Neutered Female Idiopathic etiology Soft tissue wounds (also the inverse of the negatives would apply)

Question 241

Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases Jennifer L. Kelley*, Naomi K. Hoyer, Sangeeta Rao and Jennifer E. Rawlinson Frontiers 2023 Was there an assocation with age and outcome? Was there an association between mandibular fracture and outcome? How did this study survival to discharge findings compare to other previous studies?

Answer 241

Nope Nope This study, survival rates of craniofacial trauma in cats are likely significantly lower than those demonstrated in previous studies Overall survival to discharge: 62.3% (since the majority of the literature available either evaluates overall trauma patients without a focus on the craniofacial region or evaluates patients that survived to treatment to receive diagnostic imaging)

Question 242

Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of temporomandibular joint luxation in cats: 21 cases (2000–2018) Jin W. Jung1 *, Ana C. Castejón-González2 , Darko Stefanovski3 and Alexander M. Reiter2 Frontiers 2023 How frequent was a premanent malocclusion following TMJ luxation? What was the next most common complication and how frequent?

Answer 242

Permanent malocclusion (24%)* Reduced vertical mandibular range of motion (5%) *all but one of the malocclusion cases had mandibular or maxillary fractures concurrently

Question 243

Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of temporomandibular joint luxation in cats: 21 cases (2000–2018) Jin W. Jung1 *, Ana C. Castejón-González2 , Darko Stefanovski3 and Alexander M. Reiter2 Frontiers 2023 How frequent was TMJ reduction successful? What was associated with successful reduction?

Answer 243

Reduction of TMJ luxation was successful in 94.7% of the cases. Time from injury to treatment. For each day that the treatment was delayed, the likelihood of successful reduction decreased by 6%

Question 244

Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of temporomandibular joint luxation in cats: 21 cases (2000–2018) Jin W. Jung1 *, Ana C. Castejón-González2 , Darko Stefanovski3 and Alexander M. Reiter2 Frontiers 2023 What unique element do cats (and horses) have in their TMJ which has only recently been described (2013)?

Answer 244

TMJ capsule is also reinforced by a caudal ligament in cats (as well as lateral ligament, lateral pterygoid and articular capsule)

Question 245

Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of temporomandibular joint luxation in cats: 21 cases (2000–2018) Jin W. Jung1 *, Ana C. Castejón-González2 , Darko Stefanovski3 and Alexander M. Reiter2 Frontiers 2023 What was the direction of luxation in this patient set?

Answer 245

Rostrodorsal displacement (n=19; 90.5%) Caudoventral luxation (n=2; 9.5%) was less common - Neither of the caudoventral luxation had concurrent articular fracture

Question 246

Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of temporomandibular joint luxation in cats: 21 cases (2000–2018) Jin W. Jung1 *, Ana C. Castejón-González2 , Darko Stefanovski3 and Alexander M. Reiter2 Frontiers 2023 How frequently was closed reduction successful? What was notable about the failures?

Answer 246

The TMJ luxation was successfully reduced in 18 (out of 19) (94.7%) of the cats, in which reduction was attempted (seen in <4 days for 18/19) The one cat, whose reduction was not successful, acquired TMJ luxation after hit-by-car trauma 60 days prior to presentation.